OAK FAMILY. 303 



downy beneath, pale and rough above, sinuately 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes divergent 

 and rounded, the upper pair larger and sometimes 1-3-notched; naked cup 

 deep saucer-shaped, half or one third the length of the small acorn 



Q. macrocarpa, BUR-OAK, OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP WHITE OAK. 

 Middle-sized tree in fertile soil, commonest W. : with obovate or oblong lyrately 

 pinnatifid leaves, of various shape, pale or downy beneath, smooth above ; 

 cup deep, thick and woody, from hardly 1' to 2' in diameter, covered with hard 

 and thick pointed scales, the upper ones tapering into bristly points, making a 

 mossy-fringed border; acorn l'-l' long, half or wholly covered by the cup. 



Q. lyrata, SOUTHERN OVERCUP OAK. Large tree in river-swamps, from 

 N. Car. S. & W". : leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, 

 with 7-9 triangular and entire acute lobes, glossy above, whitish-downy be- 

 neath ; cup sessile, globular, rough with rugged scales, almost covering the 

 globular nut. 



* * CHESTNUT-OAKS, with toothed or sinuate leaves, not lobed except slightly in 



ihe first species, white or whitish do ten y beneath: cup hoary, about half the 

 length of the oblomj-oroid edible acorn. 



Q. bicolor, SWAMP WHITE OAK. Low grounds, chiefly N. & W. : tall 

 tree, with leaves intermediate between the White and the Chestnut Oaks, being 

 more or less obovate and sinuate-toothed, or some of them nearly pinnatifid, 

 hoary Avith soft down beneath, wedge-shaped at base, the main veins only 6-8 

 pairs and not prominent ; peduncle in fruit longer than the petiole ; cup often 

 mossy-fringed at the margin ; acorn hardly 1' long. 



Q. Prinus, CHESTNUT OAK. The leading form is SWAMP CHESTNUT 

 OAK, in low grounds mainly S. ; with obovate or oblong leaves wavy-toothed 

 and minutely downy beneath, the main veins 10-16 pairs and prominent be- 

 neath ; fruit-bearing'pedunc'.e short ; the thick cup ' - 1' wide, tubercled with the 

 thick scales ; acorn 1' or less long. Var. MONTfcoLA, ROCK CHESTNUT OAK, 

 has large acorns like the above, but more the chestnut-like leaves of the next ; 

 grows in and near the mountains. Var. ACUMINATA, YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK 

 of rich rather dry soil through the interior, mostly of the Middle States, has 

 chestnut-like oblong or lanceolate leaves, mostly roundish at base, on slender 

 petioles, equally and sharply toothed, and very straight-veined ; cup about ^' 

 broad, its scales small and close ; acorn rather small. 



Q. prinoides, DWARF CHESTNUT or CHINQUAPIN-OAK. Barren or 

 sandy soil, mostly E. : shrub 2 - 4 high, with obovate or oblong sinuate 

 leaves narrowed at base ; and acorns and cup like those of true Chestnut Oak, 

 but very much smaller ; producing little abortive acorns in the axils of some of 

 the scales of the cup. 



# * * LIVE OAK, with evergreen coriaceous leaves, not lob?d. 



Q. virens, LIVE OAK. Barrens or sands along the coast from Virg. S. 

 Small or large tree, or a mere, shrub, with very durable firm wood, the branch- 

 lets and lower face of the small oblong entire (or rarely spiny-toothed) leaves 

 hoary ; conspicuous peduncle bearing 1-3 small fruits, with top-shaped cup 

 and oblong acorn. 



2. BIENNIAL-FRUITED OAKS, the acorns not maturing until the autumn of 

 the second y<ar, these therefore borne on old wood below the leaves of the 

 season, on short and thick peduncles or none : kernel always bitter : tip or 

 lobes of the leaves commonly bristle-pointed. 



# THICKISH-LEAVED OAKS, some of them almost or quite evergreen at the South, 



coriaceous but deciduous N., entire, sparingly toothed, or barely 3-lobed at 

 the summit. 

 - T^eaves qeneral'y entire, not widened upwards : acorns spherical, smaJl. 



Q. cindrea, UPLAND WILLOW OAK. Dry pine-barrens, S. E. Virginia 

 and S. Small tree or shrub ; resembles Live Oak, but more downy, narrower- 

 leaved, the cup shallow, and small acorn globular. 



Q. Ph611os, WILLOW OAK. Sandy low woods from New York S. : a 

 middle-sized tree, remarkable for its linear-lanceolate smooth willow-like leaves 

 narrowed at both ends. 



