BERBERIDA CEAE. 433 



2. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. 



Erect herbs, with thickened rootstocks, and ternately compound leaves. Sepals 

 6, the calyx 3~4-bracted. Petals 6, smaller, cucullate, opposite the sepals. Sta- 

 mens 6; anthers oblong, dehiscent by valves. Pistil i; style short; stigma lateral; 

 ovules 2, ripening into large globose stipitate seeds, resembling berries, which in 

 growth soon rupture the membranous caducous pericarp. [Greek, stem-leaf.] 



i. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. BLUE COHOSH. ( I. F. f. 1643.) 

 Glabrous, glaucous when young, 3-9 dm. high, with 2 or 3 large sheathing scales 

 at the base, a large triternate nearly sessile leaf near the summit, and generally a 

 smaller similar one near the base of the inflorescence. Divisions of the leaves long 

 petioled, the ultimate segments thin, 2-8 cm. long, oval, oblong or obovate, 3-5- 

 lobed near the apex; panicle terminal, 5-8 cm. long; flowers greenish purple, 8-12 

 mm. broad; seeds 8 mm. in diameter, blue, glaucous, borne on stout stalks about 

 6 mm. long. In woods, N. B. to S. Car., Minn., Neb. and Mo. April-May. 



3. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. 



Herbs with horizontal rootstocks, large peltate leaves, and cymose white flowers. 

 vSepals 6, petaloid. Petals 6, flat. Stamens 6; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pis- 

 til i; ovules few, arranged in 2 rows. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, curved. 

 [Greek, double-leaf.] Two species, one of eastern N. Am., the other of Japan. 



i. Diphylleia cymosa Michx. UMBRELLA- LEAF. (I. F. f. 1644.) Erect, 

 stout, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Basal leaves solitary, long- petioled, 3-6 

 dm. in diameter, peltate, deeply 2-cleft, many-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, 

 sharply dentate; cauline leaves 2, similar, smaller, petioled, constricted in the 

 middle and generally peltate near the margin; cyme many-flowered, 5-8 cm. 

 broad; petals oblong, obtuse; fruiting pedicels slender, 2 cm. long or more; berries 

 blue, oblong, 1-1.5 cm - l n g- I n woods, Va. to Tenn. and Ga. along the moun- 

 tains. May-June. 



4. JEFFERSONIA Bart. 



Glabrous herbs, with basal palmately- veined or palmateiy-lobed leaves, and 

 solitary white flowers on slender scapes. Sepals 4, petaloid, caducous. Petals 8, 

 flat, longer than the sepals. Stamens 8; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pistil i, 

 many-ovuled. Capsule leathery, pyriform, half-circumscissile near the summit. 

 Seeds oblong, arillate. [In honor of Thomas Jefferson.] Two species, one of 

 eastern N. Am., the other of Mantchuria. 



i. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. TWIN-LEAF. (I. F. f. 1645.) Scape 

 erect, 1.5-2 dm. high when in flower, attaining 4-4.5 dm. in fruit. Leaves glau- 

 cous beneath, long-petioled, cordate or reniform, 7-15 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, 

 parted longitudinally into 2 obliquely ovate obtuse lobed or entire divisions; flowers 

 about 2.5 cm. broad; petals oblong; stigma peltate, undulate; capsule about 2.5 

 cm. long, short-stipitate. In woods, Ont. to Wis., Va. and Tenn. May. 



5. PODOPHYLLUM L. 



Erect herbs, with horizontal poisonous rootstocks, large peltate palmately 

 lobed leaves, and solitary white flowers. Sepals 6, petaloid, fugacious. Petals 

 9-6, flat, obovate, longer than the sepals. Stamens as many or twice as many as 

 the petals; anthers linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistil I (rarely several), 

 many-ovuled, forming a large fleshy berry in fruit. Seeds numerous, obovate, en- 

 closed in fleshy arils. [Greek, duck-foot leaf.] About 4 species, one of eastern 

 N. Am., the others Asiatic. 



i. Podophyllum peltatum L. MAY APPLE. WILD MANDRAKE. (I. F. f. 

 1646.) Erect, 3-4 dm. high. Basal leaves centrally peltate, nearly 3 dm. in di- 

 ameter, long petioled, deeply 5-7-lobed, glabrous, or pubescent 'on the lower 

 surface; lobes 2-cleft and dentate at the apex; flowering stems bearing 1-3 similar 

 leaves, or occasionally leafless; flower stout-peduncled. nodding, 5 cm. broad, 

 appearing from the base of the upper leaf and generally from immediately between 

 the two leaves; fruit ovoid, yellowish 5 cm. long, edible. In low woods, Quebec 

 and Ont. to Minn., Fla., La. and Tex. May. 



