78 THE ORIGIN OF GYNANDROMORPHS. 



The difference in the coloration of the heads of the males of mellifica 

 and ligustica is in the prepared skeleton very slight, but Boveri thinks 

 that the male parts of the gynandromorphs' heads are colored more 

 like the same parts of the ligustica. Their abdomens show more strik- 

 ing differences, not only in the relative amount of deeper pigment, but 

 in the pigment pattern as well. A comparison of the distribution of 

 the pigment of the male side of the gynandromorph with the sides of 

 the males of the two races seemed to him to show again that the closer 

 match is with the ligustica type of pigmentation. The deep pigmenta- 

 tion of the ventral surfaces of the two races, especially in the males, 

 offers more positive differences, especially as to color-pattern. The 

 comparison shows here that when the abdomen of the gynandromorph 

 is male its deeper color is more like the ligustica type, except when in 

 places the male parts include or are replaced by female areas. Despite 

 the fact that the comparisons that Boveri gives rest on rather a slender 

 foundation, the evidence, so far as it goes, is clearly in favor of his 

 interpretation of the nature of the male parts of the gynandromorphs. 

 The well-known accuracy and carefulness of Boveri's work prejudices 

 one strongly in favor of his opinion. 



Boveri's evidence would seem, then, to settle the case in his favor 

 were it not that another account appeared just before the publication 

 of Boveri's paper (which he cites at length), based on observation of 

 living 1 material an account that leads to exactly the opposite con- 

 clusion from that reached by Boveri. Engelhardt described (1914) 

 some gynandromorphs in which he stated that the male parts are dark 

 brown (paternal) and the female reddish yellow (maternal). These 

 gynandromorphs came from an Italian mother and a father belonging 

 to a local (einheimischen) race. The case is parallel to the Eugster 

 bees, and the only room left for doubt is the nature of the local race. 

 The local race of the northern Caucasus, whence the evidence comes, 

 is probably, according to Boveri, Apis mellifica ramipes. Here there 

 is some more recent evidence that is important. Quinn has shown 

 (1916) that when a yellow Italian queen is crossed to a gray drone of 

 the Caucasus race the daughters (hybrids) and the drones are yellow 

 like the Italian. This result indicates that the material used by von 

 Engelhardt was suitable for giving differences in the gynandromorphs 

 that could be used to distinguish the character of the male parts. 

 It follows that von Engelhardt's results support Morgan's and not 

 Boveri's hypothesis. 



Since these views deal with paternal or maternal nuclei as wholes, 

 it is immaterial whether the factor differences are carried by the sex 

 chromosomes or by some other chromosomes, but when the third view 

 comes up for consideration the question of which chromosome pair 

 is involved is of vital moment. Let us see, then, how the hypothesis 



1 Or at least not alcoholic. 



