THE ORIGIN OF GYNANDROMORPHS. 



81 



hybrid types. How can we account for this absence of all reference 

 to such cases? It is to be recalled that Boveri actually studied only 

 a few cases, stating that others were not sufficiently well preserved to 

 show the hybrid differences between the parts. It should also not be 

 overlooked that the more striking differences in color in the living 

 hybrid bees would draw attention to these, while gynandromorphs 

 colored alike on both sides would be overlooked. A census of all the 

 gynandromorphs occurring under such conditions is necessary before 

 it will be safe to conclude that these reciprocal cases did not occur. 

 Boveri was, of course, only concerned with such cases as showed the 

 maternal character of the male parts, and as such are expected in 

 half of the cases, it would be natural to select these as illustrations of 

 his theory. Until another survey of the entire output in such cases 

 is recorded this test of the correctness of the elimination hypothesis 

 can not be applied. 



Wheeler (1910) has described a beautiful case of gynandromorphism 

 in a mutillid wasp. The male half of the body is black and winged 

 like the male, while the female half is rich red and wingless. 



The ants are closely related to the bees, and sex determination 

 appears to be in general the same, although there are some cases, 

 apparently well authenticated, where unfertilized eggs have produced 

 queens and workers as well as males. There were, prior to 1903, 17 

 cases of gynandromorphs known in ants which were brought together 

 by Wheeler, to which he added, in 1914, 6 new cases. These show the 

 same relations of parts seen in bees and call for no further comment. 

 None were hybrids and furnish, therefore, no evidence for causal 

 analysis. 



GYNANDROMORPHS IN LEPIDOPTERA. 



The group of Lepidoptera, including butterflies and moths, has 

 furnished more gynandromorphs than any other group of animals, 

 even more than the single species Drosophila melanogaster, if all butter- 

 flies and moths are taken together. It has been estimated that at 

 least 1,000 cases of gynandromorphs have been recorded for this 

 group. 1 Whether they are actually more frequent than in other insects 



(1906), summing up Schultz's reviews of 1898-1899, states that the 909 gynandro- 

 morphs (and hermaphrodites) brought together by the latter fall within the following species: 



