106 THE ORIGIN OF GYNANDROMORPHS. 



explained by non-disjunction. They are too few in any case to affect 

 Riddle's argument based on the sex-ratio. It follows, then, that 

 Riddle's results, instead of showing that some females started as males, 

 show exactly the reverse, since the genetic history shows that all his 

 females must have had the genetic chromosome constitution character- 

 istic of the female and have gotten it in the usual way. 



GYNANDROMORPHS IN MAMMALS-MAN. 



Cases of true hermaphroditism or gynandromorphism in mammals 

 and in man are extremely rare. From the meager evidence it is not 

 clear whether the cases reported belong under one or the other head, 

 but there are, as far as we know, very few if any cases of strictly 

 bilateral gynandromorphs. The secondary sexual differences, while 

 not so marked as in some other groups, are yet sufficient, one would 

 suppose, to make a bilateral type clearly evident. Goldschmidt has 

 suggested that intersexes occur in man of the kind shown by the gipsy 

 moth. So far, at least, there is no positive evidence to show that such 

 individuals occur more frequently in racial crosses in man than within 

 the race, but the human races are themselves so mixed in origin that 

 this point may not have any critical value for the subject. A priori, 

 it is equally possible that the intersexual individuals, if genetic ones 

 exist, may be due to autosomal differences that affect the normal 

 instincts rather than to differences in the sex genes themselves. It is not 

 claimed, I believe, that the actual sex-organs themselves are involved, 

 but rather secondary sexual characters and instincts whose relation to 

 the sex mechanism are in man entirely obscure. 



According to Rudolphi, there is a record by Schlumpf (Arch. f. 

 Thierheilkunde, Zurich, 1824, pp. 204-206) of a calf externally like a 

 male, but in place of the scrotum there are present the udders with the 

 usual number of nipples. The uterus had only one horn and funnel, 

 and an ovary fastened to right side of "der Leiden." To one kidney 

 (left) was attached a small testis. Rudolphi also describes a seven 

 weeks' old child that lived about three months that had a hypospadic 

 penis and in the right scrotum a testis, but no testis in the left. There 

 was a uterus whose left upper end was connected with a Fallopian 

 tube attached to which was an ovary. On the right side the uterus 

 ended blindly and there was neither Fallopian tube nor ovary present. 

 Two very similar cases, one by Gautier (1752) and one by Pinel, are 

 referred to by Rudolphi. 1 



According to Pick (1914), Sauerbeck admits only 7 cases of her- 

 maphrodites in mammals as certain and complete, 5 for swine, and 2 

 for man (Salens, 1899, and Simon, 1903), to which number are added 3 



1 Rudolphi (1825) refers to two supposed cases of hermaphrodites in fowls, which he very 

 properly questions. 



