50 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



orthtftropous. It is andtropous when completely inverted. In 

 this state a portion of the funiculus adheres to the testa, forming 

 a ridge called raphe, reaching from the chalaza to the hilum. It 

 is campylotropous when curved upon itself. In this state the 

 foramen is brought near to the chalaza, and both are next the 

 placenta, as in the Pinks and Cruciferas ; and ampMtropous when 

 half inverted, so that its axis becomes parallel with the placenta, 

 as in Mallow. Here the raphe exists, but is short. In campylo- 

 tropous there is no raphe. 



142. The ovule contains no young plant (embryo) yet; but a 

 eavity, the embryo sac, is already provided to receive it just 

 within the upper end of the nucleus. 



The relations of the ovule to the pollen grain will be more suitably discussed hereafter, 

 under the head of fertilization. We briefly remark here that the immediate contact of 

 the two is brought about, at the time of flowering, by special arrangements ; and that, as 

 the undoubted result of their combined action, the embryo soon after originates in the 

 embryo sac. 



Review. 138. Nature of the ovules. 139. How many? Five terms indicative of their 

 position. What is funiculus? Chalaza? How the ovule develops. An orthotropous 

 ovule. Auatropous. Two other similar terms. 142. What provision for the coming 

 embryo ? Relation to the pollen grain. 



CHAPTER X. 







THE FRUIT. PERICARP. 



143. After having imbibed the pollen which the anthers have 

 discharged, the pistil or its ovary continues its growth and en- 

 largement, and is finally matured in the form of the peculiar 

 fruit of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, 

 the ovary brought to perfection. 



144. As to the other organs of the flower, having accomplished their work the fertiliza- 

 tion of the ovary they soon wither and fall away. Some of them, however, often persist, 

 to protect or become blended with the ripening fruit. Thus the tube of the superior 

 calyx ( 97) always blends with the ovary in fruit ; as in Currant, Cucumber, Apple, etc. 

 Ir Composite, the persistent limb enlarges into the pappus of the fruit. In Buttercups, 

 tte fruit is beaked with the short, persistent style. In Clematis and Geum, it is caudate 

 (tailed) with the long, growing style. In the Potato tribe, Labiatae, and many other*, the 

 ir.ferior calyx continues to vegetate like leaves until the fruit ripens. In some cases the 

 fruit, so called, consists of the receptacle and ovaries blended; as in Blackberry and 

 Strawberry. Again in Mulberry, Fig, and Pineapple, the whole inflorescence is con- 

 solidated into the matured fruit. 



