152 ORDER 70. COMPOSITE. 



Involucel 4-sided, closely investing the calyx and fruit. Cor. 4-cleft, lobes 

 erect Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. Stout, prickly. Leavea 

 connate <it base. Hds. oblong, the middle zone of florets first expanding. 



1 D. sylvstrls Mill. Wild T. Lvs. sinuate or jagged ; bracts slender, erect, pun- 



gent, longer than the heads ; chaff pungent, with a straight point. Waysides and 

 hedges, Mass, to Cal. 1 5f. Flowers bluish. July. Europe. 



2 D. FUiioxuM. Fullers' T. Leaves serrate or entire ; bracts of the involucre spread- 



ing ; chaff rigid, erect, with sharp, hooked points. Europe. 4f. July. 



2. SCABIOSA, L. SCABISH. Fls. in heads. Involucre many-leaved. 

 Involved nearly cylindrical, with 8 little excavations. Calyx limb con- 

 sisting of 5 seta?, sometimes partially abortive. If Mostly European. 



S. ATRoraRPUREA. Mourning Bride. Leaves pinnatiftd and incised ; heads radiant ; 

 receptacle cylindric. India? 3f. Purple. Beautiful. 

 /3. ciNDiofssiMA. Flowers pure white. There are many other varieties. 



ORDER LXX. COMPOSITE. ASTERWORTS. 



Plants, herbaceous or shrubby, with compound flowers (of the old bota- 

 nists), i.e., the flowers in dense heads (capitula) surrounded by an involucre 

 of many bracts (scales), with 5 united anthers, and the fruit an achenium 

 (cypsela). Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, simple, yet often much 

 divided. Flowers (florets) oo, crowded, sessile, on the receptacle with or 

 without pales (chaff). Calyx adherent, the limb wanting or divided into 

 bristles, hairs, &c. (pappus). Corolla tubular, of 5 lobes with a marginal 

 vein, often ligulate or bilabiate. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the 

 corolla, anthers cohering into a tube. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. 

 Style single, with 2 stigmas at summit. Fruit a cypsela ( 151), dry, inde- 

 hiscent, 1-seeded, often crowned with a pappus. (See 104, 348, 362.) 



Figs. 68, 72-7, 103, 146, 160, 178, 261, 319, 341-6, 387-8, 433-4, 446-8, 492. 



An immense and perfectly natural assemblage, of about 1000 genera and 

 9000 species. In the United States very few are shrubby. 



The flowers are perfect or variously diclinous. If the head has all its 

 flowers of one kind, whether 5 , or $ , or $ , it is liomogamous ; if of dif- 

 ferent kinds, it is Jwterogamom. The following are De Candolle's Subor- 

 ders and Tribes, with a convenient artificial analysis appended. 



I. TUBUMFIOBJE. Ctorolfa of the per feet ftower* tubular, 5-lobed. (A.) 

 TRIBE!, VERNONIACEJE. Branches of the style long, slender, terete, and hispid all 



over. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect ......................................... Nos. 1 3 



TRIBE 2, EUPATORIACE^E. Branches of the style clavate, obtuse, flattened, minutely 



pubescent. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect .................................. Nos. 415 



TRIBES, ASTEROIDE^J. Branches of the style flat, linear, downy above and opposite 



the distinct, stigmatic lines, appendaged at top. Heads discoid or radiate ............ Nos. 16 34 



TRIBE 4, SENECIONIDvE. Branches of the style linear, fringed at the top, truncate or 



extended into a conical, hispid appendage ......................................... . . .Nos. 35 80 



TRIBE 5, CYNARE^E. Style thickened or node-like at top. Branches not appendaged, 



the siigmatic lines not prominent, reaching the apex .................................. Nos. 9093 



II. IiIG (J LIFIjOR^E. Corollas all Ululate (radiant) 9 flowers all perfect. (B.) 

 TRIBE 6, CICHORACE.E. Branches of the style long, obtuse, pubescent all over ; stig- 



matic lines commencing below their middle. Juice milky ............................. Noe. 9& 11 



