A NEW 



GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, 



AND 



COMMERCIAL GRAMMAR; 



AND PRESENT STATE OF THE 



SEVERAL KINGDOMS OF THE WORLD. 



CONTAINING, 



1. The Figures, Motions, and Distances of the 

 Planets, according to the Newtonian System, 

 and the latest Observations. 



2. A general View of the Earth considered as a 

 Planet; with several useful Geographical Defi- 

 nitions and Problems. 



3. TheGraiid Divisions of the Globe into Land and 

 Water, Continents, and Islands. 



4. The Situation and Extent of Empires, King- 

 doms, States, Provinces, and Colonies. 



5. Their Climate.Air, Soil, Vegetable Productions, 

 Metals, Minerals, Natural Curiosities, Seas, Riv- 

 ers, Bays, Capes, Promontories and Lakes. 



6. The Birds and Beasts peculiar to each Coun- 

 try. 



7. Observations on the Changes that have been 

 any where observed upon the Face of Nature, 

 since the most early Periods of History. 

 [ 8. The History and origin of Nations, their Forms 

 of Government, Religion, Laws, Revenues, 

 ITaxes, Naval and Military Strength, Orders of 

 'Knighthood, &c. 



I 9. Tne Genuis, Manners, Customs and Habits of 

 itlie People. 



10. Their Language, Learning,Arts, Sciences, Ma- 

 'nulacturers, and Commerce. 



11. The Chief Cities, Structures, Ruins, and Artifi- 

 icial Curiosities. 



12. The Longitude, Latitude, Bearings, and dis- 

 jtances of principal places from London. 



TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 



1. A GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX WITH THE NAMES OF PLACES ALPHABETICALLY 



ARRANGED. 2. A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF REMARKABLE EVENTS, 



FROM THE CREATION TO THE PRESENT TIME. 3. A LIST 



OF MEN OF LEARNING AND SCIENCE. 



BY WILLIAM QUTHRIE, ESQ. 



THE ASTRONOMICAL PART BY JAMES FERGUSON, F. R. S. 



TO WHICH HAVE BEEN ADDED. 

 THE LATE DISCOVERIES OF DR. HERSCHEL, AND OTHER EMINENT ASTRONOMERS, 



ILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTY-EIGHT CORRKCT MAPS. 



THE SECOND AMERICAN EDITION IMPROVED. 

 IX TWO VOLUMES VOL. II, 



PHILADELPHIA : 



PUBLISHED BY JOHNSON & WARNER AND FOR SALE AT THEIR BOOK STORES j 

 IN PHILADELPHIA, AND RICHMOND VIRGINIA. 



1815, 



