132 



AMERICAN PERMIAN VERTEBRATES 



femur, and various fragments of the pectoral girdle and other 



bones. 



Unfortunately none of the vertebrae has the spine complete, 



but various fragments indicate that they were short. The centra 



are impressed on the sides, rounded transversely below; the trans- 

 verse processes are like those of 

 Casea, standing out rather 

 broadly from the sides of the 

 arch; and yet-attached ends of 

 ribs indicate their stoutness and 

 mode of attachment as in Casea. 

 The posterior centra are notice- 

 ably stouter and larger than the 

 more anterior ones. The two 

 most anterior vertebrae are evi- 

 dently from not far back of the 

 skull, probably the fifth and the 

 sixth. They are, as in Casea, 

 very much shorter than the pos- 

 terior vertebrae, so short and 

 small that they were at first 

 mistaken for median caudal ver- 

 tebrae. The centra are nearly as 

 broad as long, and the transverse 

 processes are a little shorter than 

 the more posterior ones. Inter- 

 centra are present in a few of 

 the intercentral spaces. The 

 sacrum is almost identical with 

 that of Casea, the expansion of 

 the first pair of ribs nearly equal 

 to the combined widths of the 

 two posterior pairs. The three 



attached proximal caudals have co-ossified ribs, and, so far as they 



are preserved, they seem to be quite like those of Casea. 



The humerus preserved is stout, resembling that of Casea very 



much. Between the two bones the characters are quite complete, 



Fig. 32. — Trispondylus texensis. 

 Right forearm and foot, one-half natural 

 size. 



