14 Mr. Winch on the Geology of the Banks of the Tweed. 



when again seen, were found associated with red sandstone, in 

 the vicinity of Nor ham. 



The town of Coldstream stands on what are usually called 

 coal-measures, comprising sandstones and bituminous shales, 

 exactly the same as those of the Newcastle coal-field, and 

 wherever diluvium does not form the shores of the river, these 

 may be traced for the distance of two miles and a half. The 

 little river Leat, which here empties itself into the Tweed, 

 passes through Mill Haugh, where the late Lord Home bored 

 for coal, but to what depth I could not ascertain. An exten- 

 sive free-stone quarry is worked in this field to the depth of 

 thirty feet; the upper and middle beds are white micaceous 

 sandstone, fine-grained, and full of coal pipes, the lower is 

 free from these vegetable exuviae*. A strong chalybeate 

 spring rises to the day, and runs into the Leat at a short di- 

 stance from the quarry. Both above and below Coldstream 

 Bridge the Tweed flows over these coal measures, which dip, 

 at a trifling angle, to the south-east, and the rocks on the south 

 side having been cut through, micaceous sandstone, alterna- 

 ting with bituminous shale, and covered with a bank of red 

 earth, are laid open to view, and beds of the same nature may 

 be noticed half a mile lower down the stream. But the cliff 

 at Lennel Braes, on the north side, two miles to the eastward, 

 exhibits the most perfect section of this suite of strata to be 

 met with in the vicinity. At the Braes the perpendicular cliff 

 extends for more than a hundred yards, and was estimated by 

 me at forty feet in height, exclusive of its diluvial covering, 

 but the correct section, published in Mr. Witham's pamphlet 

 On the Vegetable Fossils found there, makes its elevation 

 forty-four feetf. The uppermost bed is sandstone, which is 

 succeeded by four others, alternating with slaty sandstones, or 

 coal metals and shales inclosing balls of clay iron-stone. Their 

 dip is north-east, and the rocks on the south side of the river 

 appear to resemble them. The petrified trunks of trees are 

 irregularly dispersed through the lower bed of shale, and are 

 both of the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous classes of 

 vegetables ; but for an accurate description of these interesting 

 fossils the pamphlet before mentioned must be referred to. 

 At no great distance east of this escarpment a quarry has 

 been opened on the side of the bank to the depth of twenty 



* Sandstones, bearing strong indications of being associated with beds of 

 coal, are quarried at Sprouston, in Roxburghshire ; for an account of which 

 see Mr.Buddle's pamphlet " On the search for Coal in a Part of the Counties 

 of Roxburgh and Berwick, in 1806," pp. 10, 11. These sandstones are 

 very hard, and filled with coal pipes. 



f Mr. Witham's paper will be found in the Phil, Mag. and Annals, N.S. 

 vol. viii. p. 16. EDIT. 



feet, 



