Memoir upon livi?ig and fossil Elephants, if 



When observed by their front view^ these crania also pre- 

 sent very remarkable diflferences. 



1st, The greatest length of this front, taken from the 

 summit to the edge of the alveolus, is at its greatest breadth, 

 taken between the post-orbitary apophyses of the fronial 

 bone, as 5 to 3 in the Indian elephant, and as 3 to 2 in th^ 

 African elephant. 



2d, The aperture of the nose is nearly in the middle of 

 the iacc in the Indian elephant; it is one-fitth further re- 

 moved from the edge of the alveolus than from the summit 

 of the head in the African elephant. 



When seen from above, these crania differ, particularly by 

 their zygomatical arcades j they Ifre more salient in the 

 African than in the Indian elephant. 



When we look at them behind, we are struck with new- 

 characters : 



l3t, The height of the v/mgs of the sphenoidal bones, 

 forms in the Indian elephant more than three-fourths of 

 that of the occipital surface, while in the African elephant 

 it scarcely forms one half, 



2d, In the African elephant the posterior extremity ot 

 the zygomatical arcades is nearly on a level with the occi- 

 pital condyles ; in the Indian elephant it is mtich lower. 



3d, The occiput is terminated in the upper part in the 

 African elephant, by a semi-elliptic curve, and its base is 

 formed by two lines in a very open angle. In the Indian 

 elephant, the sides are in convex arcs, and the upper part of 

 the arc is slightly concave. 



■ The grinders are placed in both species upon two lines 

 which converge before; they differ only by their laminae, as 

 we have said above. 



Most of the characters we have described, contributing 

 to the -general configuration of the head, are sensible 

 externally ; there is one still more prominent^ and which 

 may, distinguish the two species at the first glance. 1 think 

 T was the first to remark it : it consiiJts in the size of the 

 ears. 



The Indian elephant has middling-sized ears : — they are so 

 large as to cover the whole shoulders in the African elephant, 

 , Vol. 30. No. 117. Feb. 1808. B I made 



