and ike Processes used for Dyeing Silk and Cotton, 325 



tiXone for an hour, and then dried. In order to give it the 

 colour, put a piece, that has received the mordants, into a 

 pot, with 20 seers (about five gallons) of water of the kind 

 called here salt, one half seer of popll bark, and one diidu 

 weight {6j>o\ro drachms) of castor oil ; then boil it for two 

 hours, all the while carefully stirring the whole. The cloth 

 is then taken out, and dried in the sun. At night it is 

 soaked in a mixture of sheep's dung and water, next morn- 

 ing washed, and then bleached all day. At night it is again 

 put into the mixture of sheep's dung and water, and next 

 day is again bleached. The operation is then finished by 

 starching it with Jiavji. The black is a fixed colour, but the 

 red is perishable. 



With the pa/W77^fi wood these Rungaru dye cotton cloth 

 of a red colour, which is bright, but does not stand wash- 

 ing. It is said that the people of Madras have the art of 

 fixing it. The process used by tli£ Rungaru is as fgllows : 

 Prepare the cloth by soaking each piece in a seer of water, 

 containing six diuh/s weight of powdered myrolalajis. Then 

 dip it into two or three seers (about two quarts) of a decoc- 

 tion of patunga wood, in which have been dissolved two 

 diidus weight of aUun. Then dry the cloth in the sun. The 

 operation must be repeated four or five times, until the co- 

 lour be deep enough. The decoction of paiunga is made as 

 follows t Beat two seers (It^oVM^s*) of patu/iga wood, put it 

 into a pot with 20 sccjs (about 5 gallons) of water, and boil 

 for six hours. 



'Jlie Niligaru are another class of dyers, of the same cast 

 with the potmakers, and derive their name from their dyeing 

 with the iiilaox indigo. The whole of this dye that is used 

 here comes from the lower Carnati^:, or northern CIrcars. In 

 order to make a vat, the Niligaru take ten seers (fi/uVo'^s.) 

 of indigo, ground with a little water to a fine powder ; put it 

 into a pot capable of containing 50 seer^k measure (or a little 

 more than 12 ale gallons) ; and add a decoction of to gasliay 

 lijay or seed of the cassia torn, which is made as follows: 

 Take 4 seers measure (t^^oV Winchester gallon) of the seed, 

 and boil it for 6 hours in four or five seers of water (about an 

 ;ale gallon). The boiled seed, as well as the decoction^ must 



X3 be 



