Description of an bnproved Churn, 57 



openings has a wooden cover, fastened down by two screws, 

 and the other a cork fitted to it, while the butter is churn- 

 ing. There is also, near the larger opening, a small vent- 

 hole with a peg, to allow a passage for any air discharged 

 from the cream at the beginning of the operation. An axle 

 passes through the churn, terminating in two gudgeons on 

 which it hangs, its lower part being immersed in a trough, 

 to occasionally hold hot or cold water according to the sea- 

 son of the year; and on the inside of the rim are four pro- 

 jecting pieces of wood, with holes in them, serving; to beat 

 the cream by the motion of the churn: this motion is caused 

 by a pendulum, three feet six inches long, having an iron 

 bob weighing ten pounds, and at its upper end turning a' 

 pulley ten inches diameter, from which goes a rope twice 

 round another pulley, about three inches diameter, fixed on 

 the axis of the churn, and causing it to make a partial re- 

 volution by each vibration of the pendulum. There arc 

 sliding covers to the machinery, and also a cover to the 

 water-trough, in order, when the hot water is used, to se- 

 cure the steam, and keep the cream in a due and necessary 

 degree of warmth. The motion of the pendulum is given 

 and kept up by a wooden rod, about three feet nine inches 

 long, turning on a pin about three inches above the bob of 

 the pendulum. 



A Front and Side View of this Churn is given on Plate I. 



A, A, the body of the churn. 



B, an opening, by which the cream is put in. 



C, the cover of the large opening, c, the small hole on 

 the opposite side of the churn, by which the butter-milk 

 is poured out. 



D, the gudgeon on which the body of the churn hang?. 

 E,E, the upper or larger pulley. The screw e tightens 



the band which goes round 



F,F, the smaller pulley, fixed on the axis or gudgeon of 

 the churn. 



G,G, the rod of the^pendulum hanging from the upper 

 pulley E. 



II, H, the bob of the pendulum. 



I, the handle, moveable on a pin at a, by which the 

 pendulum is moved to and fro, making a traverse, in form 

 oft the dotted line K, K. 



L, L, L, the trough for the hot or cold water. 



M,. a rest for the handle when the churn is not at work. - 



XIV. Re- 



