404 Mr. J. Phillips's Geological Observations made 



stone to be nearly pure carbonate of lime, with a very small 

 proportion of carbonate of magnesia. 



Vertical joints ranging N. and S. and nearly E. and W. 

 cross each other, and divide the rock from top to bottom into 

 vast rhomboidal prisms. The spaces left between their smooth 

 sides are of different widths, and filled with various materials. 

 The narrow fissures of this kind are sometimes nearly empty, 

 or only partially occupied by soft fine clay introduced by 

 water, and laid against the faces of stone : the wider ones are 

 sometimes ten inches across, and filled by a confused assem- 

 blage of pebbles and clay, exactly similar to the general dilu- 

 vial covering which is spread over the surface of the neigh- 

 bouring country. 



We must therefore suppose that at the time of the deluge 

 these fissures were open in their full width, and admitted the 

 diluvial debris. Their extreme regularity and parallelism, and 

 the correspondence of their opposite faces, leaves no room for 

 the supposition that they owe their existence to convulsions 

 within the earth. Condensation of volume, in consequence of 

 the process of induration, seems decidedly indicated by all the 

 appearances. 



The quarrymen at Brotherton sometimes meet with little 

 irregular cavities, called guts or brashes, in the limestone, which 

 are more or less distinctly connected with the vertical joints ; 

 and sometimes these cavities are filled with clay or with clay 

 and pebbles, exactly like those in the fissures or " seams " 

 themselves. Evidently, therefore, the brashes have been filled 

 with pebbles from the seams, as these from the surface ; and 

 both at the same time, viz. the deluge. 



Such holes have on several occasions yielded fossil bones in 

 considerable plenty, but being neglected by the workmen they 

 were not examined. Mr. Richardson being informed of an 

 occurrence of this kind in the spring of 1828, took pains to 

 collect the bones and observe the attendant circumstances. I 

 had the pleasure of examining all the bones, and carefully re- 

 peated the investigation of their repository. 



It was an irregular oblong space in the limestone a few feet 

 in diameter, 10 yards below the surface of the ground, and 

 connected directly with one long vertical joint ranging N. and 

 S., and by a cross joint with another in the same direction. 

 (Plate II. fig. 1.) Through these joints, I conceive, the peb- 

 bles and bones passed into the cavity. The bones belonged 

 exclusively to oxen and deer. They were so friable that it was 

 hardly possible to extract them in an entire state ; but they 

 became hard by exposure. Among them are the following 

 characteristic parts : — 



Ox. 



