AND ABDOMINAL VISCERA. 17 
A LE ALIMENTARY CANAT. 
1. The CGsophagus. The posterior end of the 
oesophagus as it enters the stomach can be seen by 
pressing aside the lobes of the liver; it penetrates the 
diaphragm below the middle. 
2. The Stomach may be studied in situ by lift- 
ing up the lobes of the liver so as to expose it fully. 
When empty it lies obliquely in the body, having a 
marked bend at the posterior end; when filled it lies 
more transversely. 
a. THE Funpus. The left or cardiac end of the 
stomach is much dilated; the enlarged portion which 
lies to the left of the entrance of the oesophagus is the 
fundus. 
b. THE GREAT CURVATURE is the line from the 
fundus along the posterior margin of the stomach to 
the beginning of the intestines. 
c. THE SMALL CuRVATURE is the line from the 
opening of the oesophagus along the anterior margin 
of the stomach to the beginning of the intestine. 
d. THr Pytorus is the opening of the stomach into 
the intestines. The position of the pylorus is marked 
externally by a shallow constriction. This region of 
the stomach is spoken of as the pyloric end as dis- 
tinguished from the cardiac end in the neighborhood 
of the cesophagus. 
3. The Intestines. 
a. THE DuopEnum 1s the first portion of the small 
intestine. It begins at the pylorus, bends suddenly 
to the posterior for several inches, and then forward 
again for some distance, making a U-shaped loop, 
which continues directly into the remainder of the 
small intestine. The glandular organ lying in the 
