PHARYNX AND LARYNX. 45 
3. The Pharynx is the continuation backward of the 
‘buccal cavity beyond the soft palate. The nasal cavity 
also opens into it above the palate. To expose it 
better the symphysis of the mandibles may be cut 
through, allowing one side of the lower jaw to be de- 
pressed. 
a. THE EPpiIGcLoTTis is the conspicuous V-shaped 
lobe of cartilage projecting into the pharynx. 
b. THe Gtottis, or Rima Griorttipis. Posteriorly 
the pharynx ends in two openings. One of these is 
slit-like and placed ventrally ; the inconspicuous folds 
bounding it are the false vocal cords, while immedi- 
ately below or posterior to these are two more dis- 
tinct folds, the ¢rze vocal cords. The slit between the 
true cords is the glottis; it leads intothe larynx. The 
epiglottis projects over this opening and covers it 
during the act of swallowing. 
c. THE Cesopnacus.. The second opening at the 
posterior of the pharynx is the beginning of the 
oesophagus. It lies dorsal to the glottis. 
d. THe Evusracuian Tuses. Slit open the soft 
palate. The openings of the Eustachian tubes will be 
seen in the anterior portion of the dorsal wall of the 
pharynx, on a level with the nasal cavity. 
Lo expose the nasal cavity tusert the blade of the 
scissors into the antertor nares of one stde and cut 
back close to the septum, using the bone forceps tf 
necessary. Remove also the external wall of this side 
of the nasal cavity. The structure of thts stde ts de- 
stroyed, but now by carefully removing as much of 
the septum as possible the nasal chamber of the other 
sede well be exposed. 
4. The Nasal Cavity. Note the arrangement of 
the turbinate bones. The respiratory passage lies 
