USES OF THE SPANISH MAGKEEEL. 313 



richer aud softer. The fish bring a high price in the New York market, where it has been but 

 recently sold at from fifty cents to one dollar a pound, the prices varying with the season. It has 

 been more abundant off our coast than ever before, aud in the lower part of the Potomac numbers 

 have been taken and salted down. They may frequently be found in this state in the \Vashiugtoii 

 market, and readily recognized by the round yellow spots ou the sides, and also by the size, which 

 is so much larger than that of the common Mackerel." 



DeKay, in 1842, mentioned that lie had seen this species, taken in the seine, in the New Vork 

 market, in August and September, nearly two feet long, but that they were not common. 



EEPKODUTION. The breeding habits of this fish were never understood until the spring of 

 1880, when, to everybody's astonishment, it was found by Mr. Earll that one of the principal 

 spawning grounds was in the Chesapeake Bay. 



I quote in full the remarks of Mr. Earll upon their reproductive habits: 



"Prior to 1880, nothing was definitely kuowu regarding the spawning habits of the Spanish 

 Mackerel. Neither the time nor place of spawning had been discovered. Mr. Scott had .surmised 

 that they spawned in the waters of our Atlantic States in the spring, as small ones which he sup- 

 posed, to be the young of the previous year were occasionally seen in June. 1 Professor Goode, in 

 his 'Game Fishes,' had ventured the assertion that they probably spawned in midwinter, in the 

 Gulf of Mexico and about the West Indies. These were, as far as we know, the only writers that. 

 had referred to the spawning habits of the Mackerel. During an extended tour of the Atlantic 

 coast, in company with Col. Marshall McDonald, the writer had an excellent opportunity for exam- 

 ining the species in different localities, and succeeded in proving that the theory advanced by Mr. 

 Scott was the more nearly correct, and that the Spanish Mackerel spawn along many portions of 

 the Atlantic coast in midsummer. The investigation of /he Southern fisheries began in Florida 

 in January, 1880, and when the fisheries in that region had been sufficiently studied, we proceeded 

 northward, visiting every important fishing station along the coast of Georgia and the Caroliuas, 

 reaching the Chesapeake early in May. After spending some time at Norfolk, aud at the fishing 

 shore of Capt. W. E. Taylor, at Willoughby, we accepted the invitation of Mr. O. E. Maltby to 

 visit his fishing station at New Point, forty miles up the bay. Here we spent a number of days 

 in examining the spawning condition of the different species taken in the pound-nets of the locality, 

 and soon discovered that many of the male Mackerel were nearly ripe, while the eggs in the ovaries 

 of some of the females were well developed. A little later we succeeded in finding thoroughly 

 ripe males and one or two females from which ripe eggs could be taken. Appreciating the iinpor 

 tance of this discovery, we continued our investigation, and soon satisfied ourselves that the 

 spawning time was near at hand, as the eggs and milt in all of the specimens examined were well 

 advanced. Later, the writer visited the Eastern Shore of Virginia including the counties of 

 Accomack and Northampton, and found ripe eggs and milt in a large number of individuals. 

 Further investigation proved that the spawning season, as in many migratory speHes, varied with 

 the locality, being earliest on the Southern coast, and latest about Long Island. The temperature 

 of the water seems to have a decided effect upon the spawning time of the M irkerel, and 'lie 

 ovaries aud spermariesdo not develop very rapidly until it "has risen to upwards of 70 Fahrenheit. 

 The time of spawning for the Caroliuas begins in April, while the season at Long Island commences 

 by the 20th of August, and continues till the latter part of September. Ou the arrival of tin- 

 species in the Chesapeake, in May, a few of the males are nearly ripe, and the ovaries of the females 



'The following is the language of Mr. SSeott <m this point: ''Both the Spanish Mackerel and Cero are sprin^- 

 spawniug fishes, and no doubt spawn in our bays, for there are occasionally small ones taken by the anglers in June, 

 In ton tin- la rye ones visit our shores, and I argue, therefore, that the small half-pounders are of last year's hatch." 

 Angling in American .Waters. 



