46 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



troclianter ; it is closely connected with the ( tensor fascine femoris.' 

 This muscle, fii>'. 18, ic. arising from behind the outer iliac tube- 



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rosity, expands upon the thigh, and is lost in fascia covering the 

 knee-joint, and attached to the spine of the tibia, whereby the 

 muscle becomes, with the rectus, a flexor of the thigh. There is a 

 6 sartorius ' crossing obliquely the inner side of the thigh, and in- 

 serted aponeurotically into the inner side of the head of the tibia. 

 The ( mesogluteus,' fig. 19, is, arising from the outer side of the 

 ilium, is inserted into the outer part of the great troclianter. The 

 ' entogluteus,' ib. 19, rises above the acetabulum, and is inserted 

 into the upper part of the great trochanter. The 'biceps femoris,' 

 fig. 18, 17, is, arises from the sacro-sciatic fascia and from the 

 ischial tuberosity ; the fasciculi from both origins unite to form a 

 broad muscle (the ( vastus longus ' of Hippotomy), which is in- 

 serted by a strong aponeurosis into the head of the tibia and fascia 

 of the leg. The 'iliacus interims ' is shown at 17, fig. 19 : 23, 24, 

 and so, ib., are muscles of the tail. The ' vastus externus,' 

 fig. 19, 20, covers the whole of the outer part of the thigh-bone, 

 from the great trochanter ; it is inserted into the patella and head 

 of the tibia ; a small part of the ' rectus femoris ' appears in front 

 of its upper part. The ' gracilis ' is a large broad muscle, arising 

 from the pubic symphysis, and inserted into a long tract of the 

 tibia. The e adductor magnus ' is seen at 27, the e semitendinosus ' 

 at 28, and the ' semimembranosus/ or e adductor tibia? longus,' at 

 29, fig. 19. The last two muscles are blended in the Hog. The 

 6 tibialis anticus ' arises from the inner side of the fore part of the 

 head of the tibia by a strong tendon ; the muscular part swells into 

 the chief of those on the fore part of the leg ; the tendon of inser- 

 tion splits to give passage to that of the ' peroneus longus,' and is 

 inserted into the outer side of the head of the metatarsal. There 

 is an extensor of the middle phalanx of each functional toe ; the 

 tendon of the long f extensor digitorum' bifurcates at the end 

 of the metatarsus for insertion into the ungual phalanx of the 

 same toes. 



The chief peculiarity of the flexors of the digits of the hind-foot 

 in hoofed quadrupeds is the accession of muscles not so applied in 

 most other mammals. Thus the i gastrocnemius.' besides its inser- 



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tion into the heel-bone, sends a strong tendon along the back of 

 the metatarsal, to the phalanges, where it expands and bifurcates, 

 each division again splitting for the passage of that of the ' flexor 

 perforans,' before being inserted into the middle phalanges. In like 

 manner the homologue of the l tibialis posticus ' combines its ten- 

 don with that of the ' flexor perforans ;' such common tendon 



