LIVER OF MAMMALIA. 487 



fissures ; and these are still more marked in Otaria. Two hepato- 

 cystic ducts entered the gall-bladder in the seal I dissected. 1 The 

 cystic duct was joined by a small hepatic duct about half an inch 

 from the gall-bladder ; and a little lower down was joined by a 

 larger hepatic duct, which was formed by the junction of two 

 other ducts, each of which was also formed by the union of two 

 ducts, coming distinctly from four lobes of the liver. The ductus 

 communis was one and a half inch long ; it was joined by the pan- 

 creatic duct, as it terminated in a dilated sacculus within the 

 duodenal coats. 



The inner surface of the gall-bladder is minutely rugous and 

 villous, the rugae becoming longitudinal at the cervix, and sub- 

 siding in the duct. This character obtains in other Carnivora, 

 in all species of which the alterative reservoir of the bile is pre- 

 sent. In the Felines the valvular or impeding twist of the cystic 

 duct is well marked. 



Domestic Carnivora, obtaining more food, and more regularly, 

 than wild ones, have a corresponding increase of the digestive 

 apparatus : not only is the intestinal canal longer, but the liver 

 is larger : there are more hydro-carbonates to be eliminated, more 

 chyle to be made. 2 



In the Aye-aye neither left nor right lobe of the liver are 

 subdivided ; but, as in other Lemurs, both are distinct from the 

 cystic lobe, which shows the usual cystic and suspensory fissures, 

 and the left lobe is the largest. All the clefts are more trans- 

 verse, less oblique than in the usually more subdivided liver of 

 Rodents. 3 In many Platyrhines the right lobe, in some the left 

 lobe also, are subdivided. In most Catarhines the same degree 

 of hepatic division obtains as in Strepsirhines ; but in some 

 Doucs, in Gibbons, Orangs, and Chimpanzees, both right and left 

 lobes have blended with the cystic, and the suspensory notch 

 becomes, as in Man, the boundary between the two masses 

 termed ' right ' and ' left ' lobes in Anthropotomy. The ( Spi- 

 gelian ' lobule is a process of the left posterior angle of the right 

 lobe : it is partly defined by the post-caval vein, fig. 369, is : the 

 part of the cystic lobe between the cystic and suspensory fissures 

 is the ' lobulus quadratus,' ib. is, of Anthropotomy. 



The lobes of the liver in its several grades of natural subdivision 

 in the Mammalian class are invested by a delicate fibrous coat 

 which is continuous with the similar looser investment of the 



1 CLYIl". p. 152. 



- So Daubenton : ' Le foie du chat domestique etoit plus gros, plus ferme, et d'une 

 couleur rougeatre beaucoup plus foncee que le foie du chat sauvage.' cxxn'. tome vi. 

 p. 29. 3 fin', p. 43. 



