50 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



other. The ' digastric ' is a powerful muscle and seemingly ' mo- 

 nogastric,' but many tendinous filaments in the middle of the 

 carncous substance indicate the division which is established in 

 higher Gyrcnccphala. In the Lion it arises by a strong tendon 

 from the paroccipital ; and its action may be seen in the effort 

 the animal makes to disengage the mandible from ligamentous 



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parts of its food. In the Felines the latissimus dorsi has its chief 

 insertion into the tendinous arch, bridging over the biceps, and, 

 with the f dcrmo-humcralis ' similarly inserted, it acts upon the 

 inner side of the upper part of the humerus, but sends a strong 

 aponeurosis between the external and scapular ' heads ' or por- 

 tions of the triceps to be continued upon the antibrachial fascia : 

 in the Dog, a distinct fasciculus of the muscle combines its tendon 

 with that of the s scapular ' portion of the triceps. In the Seal- 

 tribe the retractile action of the latissimus dorsi is extended, by 

 the aponeurotic insertion, to the palmar aspect of the pectoral fin. 

 The homologue of the 6 serratus posticus superior ' is largely 

 developed in the Lion, extending its anterior attachments to the 

 nape. The ' protractor scapulae ' arises in Felines from the 

 diapophyses of the atlas, axis, and third cervical, and is inserted 

 into the spine of the scapula near the acromion. The origins of 

 the f great pectoral muscles ' interblend and cross each other 

 in Felines, so as to seem to form a common adductor muscle of 

 the fore-limbs ; but the mass of the fibres resolves itself into four 

 almost distinct muscles, answering to the t large pectoral ' and 

 grand pectoral of Hippotomists, and including the ( sterno- 

 trachiterien ' and ( pectoantebrachial ' of Straus-Durckheim. 

 The ( pectoralis minor ' in the Dog is inserted into the upper 

 part of the glenoid cavity of the scapula. In unguiculate, and 

 especially claviculate, Gyrencephala, the deltoid conforms by the 

 greater extent of origin and size to the more varied movements 

 of the humerus, as compared with the ungulate order. In the 

 Cat the deltoid consists of an anterior portion arising from the 

 acromion, and a posterior one from the spine, of the scapula : in 

 the Bear only the acromial portion is developed. In noncla- 

 viculate Carnivora the ' masto-humeralis ' is present: in cla- 

 viculate species the ( cleido-cucullaris ' and ' cleido-mastoideus ' 

 are its divisions : the former, in Felines, rises from the paroccipital 

 crest, and from the neural spines of the anterior cervicals, passes 

 back and down to the transverse ligamentous tract in which the 

 clavicular ossicle is developed; the ' cleido-mastoid ' is inserted 

 into two outer thirds of the clavicular bone, Avhence is continued 

 a fleshy belly descending along the fore-part of the brachium, in 



