iv.] CARN1VORA. 37 



fifth, and sixth cervical vertebras, are immensely elongated 

 in the Gorilla, and considerably so in the Chimpanzee and 

 Orang. These processes as a rule are not bifid, as in Man, 

 but occasionally (as in Mycetes) they are trifid, having a pair 

 of lateral backward-projecting processes developed near 

 their extremity. 1 



The inferior lamellae of the transverse processes are 

 generally larger proportionally than in Man, especially in the 

 Lemurina. In the seventh vertebra, the transverse processes 

 vary much as to their perforate or imperforate condition. 



In the CARNIVORA, the atlas (Fig. n) has very deep 

 anterior articular surfaces for the condyles of the skull. The 



sit 



FIG. ii. Inferior surface of atlas of Dog, \. sn foramen for first spinal nerve ; 



v vertebrarterial canal. 



first spinal nerve passes through a complete foramen, The 

 transverse processes are large, wing-like, flattened from above 

 downwards, and perforated by the vertebrarterial canal. 



The axis (Fig. 12) has a long conical odontoid process, 

 and a large compressed neural spine, greatly extended from 

 before backwards, and especially produced forwards. 



The remaining cervical vertebras have small, narrow, 

 compressed, usually simple spines, gradually lengthening to 

 the seventh, and large transverse processes, with greatly 



1 These are named hyperapophyses by Mivart, who has called par- 

 ticular attention to them : "On the Axial Skeleton in the Primates : " 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 545. 



