QUADRUMANA. 



197 



obliquely in its upper part, and a protruded 

 superciliary ridge, give a peculiarly cunning, 

 mistrustful, and somewhat ferocious physiog- 

 nomy to these Inui, especially to the old 

 ones. Their lirnbs are strong and compact ; 

 by them, and by the shortness or the want of 

 a tail, they are more a terrestrial than an 

 arborial genus. They devour frogs, lizards, 

 and large insects, as readily as vegetable sub- 

 stances. They possess naked callosities, 

 cheek-pouches, and laryngeal expansions. 

 Their canines are very strong, and the pos- 

 terior molars of the lower jaw have an ad- 

 ditional tubercle. By the great development 

 of the superior canine, the first molars of the 

 lower jaw are inclined backwards on each 

 side, and thus make room for the reception of 

 those teeth. This character appears first in 

 Colobus and Cercopithecus, but it is not so 

 distinct in these as in Inuus. Among the 

 Cercopitheci it is the most apparent in C. cyno- 

 molgtis, by which, and by the existence of 

 the additional tubercle on the posterior mo- 

 lars of the lower jaw, this forms, with its two 

 congeners C. radiatus and C. sinicus or pdc- 

 atus, a transition to Inuus. This inclined 

 direction of the first molar of the lower jaw 

 becomes more distinct by age. It is rendered 

 necessary, by the length of the superior canine 

 tooth, and by the uninterrupted series of the 

 canine and first molar in the lower jaw. By 

 the action of the superior canine, there is pro- 

 duced a surface for trituration, in the external 

 surface of the anterior root of the first molar. 



The Inui inhabit generally eastern India. 

 They are very gentle, industrious, and intel- 

 ligent in their youth, but become ferocious 

 and untameable in their old age. 



Spec. Inuus rhesus, I. speciosus, I. ne- 

 mestrinus, I. maurus, I. sylvanus or ecaudatus. 

 Amongst these the I. sylvanus is not only 

 remarkable by the want of a tail, but also by 

 being the only one of this genus which comes 

 within the geographic range of Europe ; great 

 numbers, originally from Barbary, still inhabit- 

 ing the inaccessible precipices of the rock of 

 Gibraltar. 



g. Seventh Genus. Cynocephalus Cuv. Ba- 

 boon, Engl. Papiun, Fr. Baviaan, Dutch. 



The same teeth as Inuus, but the canini of 

 the upper jaw are enormously developed, and 

 consequently the first molars of the lower jaw 

 are still more inclined. The cheek-pouches, 

 the callosities, and the laryngeal expansions, 

 as in the precedent genera. The tail is either 

 short, thick, and ending in a tuft of hair, or 

 altogether deficient. A large, dog-shaped 

 head, with a prominent, truncated, or, as it 

 were, abruptly cut-off muzzle, with the nos- 

 trils opening at the end, gives a hideous aspect 

 to the Cynocephali, corresponding to their 

 ferocious, disgusting, and formidable manners. 

 To the prolongation of the face, and prepon- 

 derance of the anterior over the posterior part 

 of the head, is to be attributed, at least in a 

 great measure, the fact that the Cynocephali 

 less frequently assume the erect posture than 

 any of the other Quadrumana, and even when 



they do, are less capable of maintaining it for 

 any length of time. They are essentially con- 

 structed for terrestrial progression. "Their 

 whole habits, as well as their organic struc- 

 ture, approximate these animals to the ordinary 

 quadrupeds. The great development of their 

 organs of smell ; the position of the nostrils ; 

 the robust make of their extremities, and their 

 equality in point of length ; the size and power 

 of their canine teeth, and the nature of their 

 food ; all indicate their inferiority to the Apes 

 and Monkeys. Their natural food consists of 

 wild berries and bulbous roots, bird's eggs, 

 insects, &c. In search of food, they go in 

 large companies upon marauding parties, re- 

 ciprocally to support each other, and to carry 

 off their plunder in greater security. They 

 inhabit principally Africa and the Philippine 

 islands. 



Spec. Cynocephalus silenus, C. Sphynx, 

 C. porcarius, C. hamadryas, C. gelada, C. ni- 

 ger, C. leucophcEus, C. mormon. * 



I refer the C. silenus or Ouanderou to the 

 Cynocephali, by the prevailing authority of 

 Dr. SCHLEGEL. The general physiognomy of 

 this monkey, and the brush at the extremity 

 of the tail, are sufficient characters to justify 

 this determination. The C. silenus forms with 

 the C. niger the link of a chain uniting our 

 genus Inuus with Cynocephalus. In both, 

 the nostrils are not terminal, nor is the muzzle 

 truncated, but disposed as in the Inui, while 

 by the other characters they are Cynocephali. 

 The Gelada, which was first brought to public 

 notice by the celebrated Dr. KUPPELL, is 

 certainly a Cynocephalus nearly allied to C. 

 hamadryas. In a skull of this monkey in the 

 museum at Leyden, I was struck with the 

 great conformity it has with the skull of the 

 larger Cynocephali, for example, with the 

 skull of C. porcarius. It has the same pro- 

 minent superciliary ridges, the same deep 

 orbits, the same prominent maxillary bones, 

 and, above all, the same deep fossa on the 

 facial surface of the supra- and infra-maxillary 

 bones. The Drill (C..lencophcEus) and Man- 

 drill ( C. mormon) ought to be separated from 

 the rest by a typical pre-eminence. Their 

 cheeks are prominent, deeply ridged, and in 

 the Mandril/ beautifully coloured. 



OSTEOLOGY. If we consider the bony 

 framework of all the monkeys of the Old 

 World, we find in it no less numerous dif- 

 ferences than in their external form ami habits. 

 We may trace in it some successive stages, 

 by which they deviate from the structure of 

 man, and approximate to the skeleton of the 

 larger Carnivora. As I have stated elsewhere, 

 they form an uninterrupted series, in the 

 descending scale, beginning with the C/iim- 

 panzee, and ending with the Cynocephali. 



The skull of the Chimpanzee (fg. 1 16) is of 

 a narrow, elongated form, slightly contracted 



* Eecently I. Geoffroy St. Ililaire has separated 

 the C. gelada under the name of Thecopitltecus, and 

 the C. niqer under the name of Cynopithecus niger. 

 But I am afraid that the introduction of all these 

 new genera does not constitute an improvement for 

 science. 



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