QUADRUMANA. 



195 



to zoological and zootomical observations, 

 they ought to be divided into two great fami- 

 lies, the Simice and the 



I. SIMLE. Alonlicys. Singe.*!, French. Af- 

 fen, Germ. Apen, Dutch. 



This name includes the Qiiadrumana with 

 four vertical incisor teeth in each jaw, and 

 in general flat and similar nails at the tops of 

 the fingers and toes, two characters by which 

 they approach to man ; the molar teeth have 

 smooth tubercles, and consequently they feed 

 in general upon fruit ; but the canine teeth are 

 stronger than in man, and have their summits 

 not in the same level as the other teeth, but 

 more prominent. There is consequently, in the 

 same manner as in the Carnivora, an interval 

 in the upper jaw, between the exterior incisor 

 and the canine tooth, in which the canine of 

 the opposed jaw is received. They consist of 

 two distinct groups, of which the first is con- 

 fined to the old world, and is familiarly known 

 under the name of Apes, Monkeys, and Ba- 

 boons. These, the anatomical structure of 

 which will be described in the first instance, 

 have the same number of teeth as man, and 

 approach to him in many respects, but differ 

 so much from each other, that it is necessary 

 to divide them into various genera. 



1. SIMILE VERJE, Monkeys of the Old Con- 

 tinent, SimifB catarrhin<E GEOFFR. In general 

 the same number of teeth as in man, viz. 



incisors-; canines ; molars -^^. Nos- 

 T I 1 5 o 



trils situated under the nose. 



a. First Genus. Simla. Ape. 



In general the same number of teeth as in 

 man, but stronger, especially the canine ; an 

 interval between the exterior incisor and the 

 canine in the upper jaw. No callosities on 

 the buttocks ; no tail ; the fore-feet or arms 

 much longer than the hinder. The hair of 

 the head is directed forwards, so as to shade 

 the temples, and that of the fore-arm reverted 

 upwards, in the direction of the elbow, where, 

 encountering the hair of the humerus, which 

 grows in the opposite direction, it stands out 

 in the form of a prominent ruff. They want 

 the cheek-pouches, but possess very large 

 membranaceous expansions communicating 

 with the larynx. In the form of the hyoid 

 bone, in the structure of the brain, and many 

 other parts of their organisation, they ap- 

 proach the nearest to man. They inhabit 

 tropical Asia and equinoctial Africa. 



Spec. Simla t-roglodytes, Chimpanzee ; 

 Simia Satyrus, Orang-cetan. 



b. Second Genus. Hylobates ILLIGER. Gibbon, 

 French. Armaffe, Germ. Langarmige Aap, 

 Dutch. 



The same excessive length of the arms, 

 which are so long as to touch the ground, 

 when the animal is in a semi-erect attitude. 

 Callosities on the buttocks, as in the Cerco- 

 jnthecl, from which the Gibbons differ by the 

 want of a tail, and of cheek-pouches. The 



form and number of teeth are the same as in 

 Simia and in man, but the crowns of the true 

 molars have a more rounded contour than in 

 the inferior quadrumana, and in their relative 

 size they resemble more the molars of the 

 Carnivora than do those of the genus Simla. 

 The Gibbons are restricted to the forests of 

 tropical India, and their activity in climbing is 

 surprising. They want the laryngeal pouch. 



Spec. Hylobates lar, H. varicgatus, 

 H. leuclscus, the Siamang (H. syndacty- 

 lus) ought to be separated from the other 

 Gibbons. It has the second and third toe* 

 united by a narrow membrane, extended over 

 the whole length of the first phalanx, and 

 possesses a laryngeal pouch. Its skeleton 

 approaches most to that of man. Its hair is 

 directed as in the Orangs. 



c. Third Genus. Semnopithecus F. Cuv. 

 Slank-aap, Dutch. 



Long, but slender and straight tail. [ They 

 have no cheek-pouches, but they possess a 

 membranaceous, and small laryngeal, expan- 

 sion. Callosities on the buttocks. Ex- 

 tremities, principally the hinder, very long, as 

 also the fingers and toes, with the exception 

 of the thumb of the hinder hand or foot, 

 which is short, and removed from the outer 

 toes. The slendernesa of their body, and 

 largely-developed extremities, enable the Sem- 

 nopithecl to display a great deal of activity. 

 Their stomach is very large, and divided into 

 three or four pouches. The teeth differ from 

 those of the Gibbons by the existence of a 

 posterior tubercle on the last molar teeth of 

 the lower jaw. They inhabit the Indian Con- 

 tinent and the Indian islands, principally Bor- 

 neo, and are there the constant companions 

 of the Gibbons, with which they have a great 

 analogy. 



Spec. Semnopithecus entel/ns, S. leuco- 

 prymnus (including Simia latibarbata, Ce- 

 phaloptera, and S. Nestor, BENN.), S. 

 leucomystax, S. mitratus, S. melalophos, S. ru- 

 bicundiis, S. chrysomelas, S. mourns, S. fron- 

 tatus, S, nemcEiis, S. nasicus. To these could 

 be added, 1. S. cucullatus, but it seems but a 

 local variety of S. leucopryninus ; 2. S. Sia- 

 mensis, which is a local variety of S. mitratus ; 

 3. S. jftavimanus, which is a local variety of 

 S. melalophos ; 4. S. Sumatranus, local variety 

 of S, chrysomelas ; 5. S. cristatus, variety of 

 S. mounts. S. MULLER and H. SCHLEGEL 

 presume that S. albogularls SVKES is a va- 

 riety of S. entellus ; but according to the 

 observations of OGILBY, this monkey is a 

 Cercopllliecits. In the enumeration of the 



* According to the observations of OGILBY and 

 F. CUYIEK, this character is not exclusive in the 

 Siamang, but obvious also in many other species of 

 Gibbons. 



t S. MIDLER and H. SCHLEGEL have proved in 

 their monograph on the genus Semnopithecus, that 

 it is by a mistake that most of the authors on natural 

 history describe and figure the tail of Semno-pitheci 

 as incurvated in the same manner as in squirrels. It 

 hangs straight below when they climb, and is merely 

 horizontal and touching the ground when they walk. 



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