. iv.] STOMACH OF RUMINANTS, 167 



to this, a well-marked ridge divides the cardiac part 

 into two regions. In the chevrotain (Tragulus) the 

 outer portion of the cardiac division forms a large 

 paunch, and is incompletely separated from a portion 

 lying just below the oesophagus, the inner surface of 

 which is raised up so as to form a honeycomb-like 

 arrangement of ridges ; from this the pyloric diges- 

 tive portion opens by a narrow tube-like piece. In the 

 horned ruminants (Fig. 75) this tube-like piece becomes 

 more distinctly separated from the rest of the pyloric 

 portion, and its inner surface becomes raised up into 

 a number of folds of mucous membrane, which are 

 closely appressed to one another, and permit only of 

 the passage of the most finely comminuted food. All 

 gradations in complexity are to be observed in the 

 size and number of these lamella of the psalteriiim. 



In the desert-dwelling camels, and in their allies, 

 the llamas of South America, part of the cardiac 

 region is converted into a number of pouches, which 

 are provided with sphincter muscles, by which they 

 can be shut off from the rest of the cavity ; these 

 pouches make up the so-called water-bag* of these 

 animals. 



In the blood-sucking bat (Desmodus, Fig. 76), 

 where little digestive secretion is required, on account 

 of the nature of the food, the pyloric portion of the 

 stomach is very short, but the cardiac is converted 

 into a wide caecum, the length of which may be double 

 that of the body of the animal, and which, no doubt, 

 serves as a reservoir for the blood that is sucked in as 

 food. 



The region beyond the stomach is known as the 

 intestine ; it is characterised by having at its com - 

 mencement the orifices of the bile ducts from the liver, 

 and it is often sharply divisible into a narrower small, 

 and a wider larg^e intestine. The capacity of the 

 internal surface is increased, as in the stomach, by the 



