ANIMAL LUMINOUSNESS. 



197 



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 ( W. J. Erasmus Wilson.) 



[See aUo Dr. Bright's admirable paper on 

 Abdominal Tumours and Intumescence, in Guy's 

 llosp. Reports, No. xi. k'D.] 



LUMINOUSNESS, ANIMAL. ( Ptws- 

 phoi'escence.) An evolution of light from the 

 bodies of living animals, independent of the re- 

 flection of incident light. 



The animals which possess the property of 

 thus emitting light are almost entirely inverte- 

 brate, and chiefly marine. We have accounts 

 from several naturalists of certain fishes having 

 been seen to give out light while in their native 

 element, and some have conjectured, but on 

 insufficient grounds, that all fishes do so. The 

 turtle and a species of toad inhabiting Surinam 

 have been reported to have the same property ; 

 and the eyes of some carnivorous mammals 

 appear to emit flashes of light. But we find 

 this function constantly and distinctly mani- 

 fested only by certain mollusca, insects, crabs, 

 annelida, acalephae, and zoophytes. These are 

 the following : 

 MOLLUSCA 



Pholas dactylus 

 Salpa zonaria 



lelcsii, Sj-c. 

 Pyrosoma atlanticum 



giganteum, Sjc. 

 CRUSTACEA 



Cyclops brevicornis 

 Gummarus pulex 

 CancerJ'ulgens, 4 - c. 



Scyllarus ? 



INSECTA 



Lampyris noctiluca 

 splendidula 

 italica 

 ignita 

 p/iospkorea, 

 nitidula 

 lucida 

 hemiptera 

 jciponica 

 Elater noctilucus 

 Ignitus 

 phosphoretts 

 lampadion 

 retrospiciens 

 lucidulus 

 lucernula, 

 speculator 

 janus 



pyrophanus 

 luminosus 

 lutens 

 e.rtmctus 

 cucujus 

 I uc if er 



Bupestris ocellata 

 Chiroscelis bifenestrata 

 Scarab&us phosphoricus 

 Pausus sphcerocerus 

 Fulgora laternaria* 

 serrata 



* Doubts have been expressed by several observers 

 with regard to the luminousness of this insect. In 

 travelling in the countries of South America where 

 it occurs, they have never seen it shine ; but the 

 testimony of other naturalists is so decided in 

 favour of it being luminous, that we are constrained 

 to suppose that the animal may give out light in 

 certain seasons of the year and not in others. There 

 can be no doubt, at least, that its congeners above- 

 named are tiuly luminous. 



