ANALYTICAL INDEX. 



1019 



microscope (continue'i) . 

 test objects, 344 



II. Of tlie'mechauical arrangements of microscopes, 

 344 



objects to be attained 



steadiness and firmness, 344 



capability of accurate adjustment, 345 



the power of placing the instrument in either 



a vertical or horizontal position, 345 

 simplicity, 346 



best means of carrying on dissections under a 

 magnifying power, 34G 

 dissecting instruments, 346 

 compressorium, 347 



ordinary compound, or simple, microscope, 347 

 superior compound microscope, 349 

 illumination, 351 

 mirror, 352 

 direct light, 352 

 condenser, 353 



achromatic condenser, 353 

 illumination of opaque objects, 354 

 condensing mirror, 354 

 Lieberkuhn's speculum, 354 

 back ground, 354 



III. Magnifying power of microscopes, 354 

 measurement of the magnifying power of mi- 

 croscopes, 355 



micrometers 



micrometer-screw, 355 

 micrometer eye-piece, 355 

 micrometry by means of the camera lucida, 356 

 camera lucida, 356 



the degree of minuteness of objects which the 

 magnifying power 01 the microscope renders 

 visible,' 356 

 Milk, 358 



cosv's milk, 358 



common milk globules, cream globules, and yel- 

 low granulated corpuscles, 358 

 butter^ 359 

 casein, 359 

 aposepedine, 359 

 eugar of milk, 360 

 lactic acid, 360 



substances found in the ashes of cow's milk, 360 

 proportion of cream in cow's milk, 360 

 colostrum, 360 

 human milk, 361 

 milk from the male breast, 363 

 milk of the ass, 362 



mare, 362 

 goat, 362 

 sheep, 362 

 bitch, 362 



contamination of the milk bylvarious ingesta, 361 

 analogy of milk to blood, 362 

 Mollusca, 363 



general characters, 363 

 nervous system, 364 

 senses, 364 

 muscular system, 36J 

 digestive system, 365 

 circulatory system, 365 

 respiratory system, 365 

 uropoietic system, 363 

 generative system, 36(5 

 classification, 366 

 Monotremata, 366 



general characters, 366 

 Echidna, 367 

 Ornithorhynchus, 367 

 osteology, 368 



skull, Echidna, 368 

 occipital bone, 369 

 parietal bone, 369 

 temporal bone, 370 

 frontal bone, 370 

 nasal bone, 370 

 palate bone, 370 

 superior maxillary bone, 370 

 comparison with the skull of various Edentate 



and Marsupial animals, 371 

 skull, Ornithorhynchus, 371 



occipital and temporal bones, 371 

 parietal and frontal bones, 373 

 foramina in the Hoor of the skull, 373 

 oblique canal traversing the equamous suture, 



373 



facial bones, 373 

 lachrymal foramen, 374 

 ridges on the outside of the cranium, 374 

 interior of the skull, 374 

 lower jaw, 374 

 vertebral column, 374 

 true vertebrae, 374 



ribs and costal cartilages or sternal ribs. 375 

 sternum, 375 

 sacrum, 375 

 caudal vertebra, 375 

 I otoral extremities, 376 

 pelvic extremities, 378 

 muscular system, Ornithorhjnchuj, 379 



Monotremata (continued). 

 nervous system, 382 



brain, Ornithorhynchus, 382 



Echidna, 382 

 spinal cord, Ornithorhynchus, 385 



Echidna, 385 

 olfactory nerves, Ornilhorhynchus, 385 



Echidna, 385 

 optic nerves, 385 

 eye, 385 



third and fourth pair of nerves, 3^6 

 fifth pair, 386 

 sixth and seventh pair, 386 



acoustic nerve, 386 

 ear, 386 



eighth and ninth pair of nerves, SRfi 

 brachial plexus, median nerve, SS7 

 lumbar plexus, ischiadic nerve, 387 

 Digestive system, 387 



alimentary canal, Ornithorhynchus, 387 



Echidna, .187 

 salivary glands, 388 

 liver, 388 

 pancreas, 388 

 spleen, 389 



circulating system, 389 

 blood, 389 

 heart, Ornithorhynchus, 390 



Echidna, 390 



aorta and great arterial trunks, S')l 

 venae cavaa and renal veins, 391 

 portal vein, 391 

 respiratory system, 391 

 lungs, 391 

 trachea, 391 

 larynx, 391 



thymus and other glands, 391 

 renal system, 391 



supra-renal bodies, 391 

 kidneys, ureters, 391 

 organs of generation, 391 

 male organs, 391 

 testicle, 393 

 penis, 392 



levat or and retractor muscles, 39'2 

 Cowper's glands, 392 

 female organs, 393 

 ovaries, 394 



Fallopian tubes and uteri, 394 

 uro-genital canal, 394 

 common vestibule, 395 

 clitoris, 395 

 Cowper's glands, 395 

 products of generation, 395 

 ovum, 395 



the young Omithorhynchus external cha- 

 racters, 399 



dissection, 399 

 mammary organs, 402 

 crural gland and spur, 405 

 I\1onstrosily, vide Teratology, 



Motion, diurnal; Animal Dynamicsi Locomotion ; or Pro- 

 gressive Motion of Animals, 407 

 general remarks, 407 

 Section I. 



fundamental axioms, 408 

 composition and resolution of forces, 408 

 parallelogram of forces, 408 

 polygon of forces, 408 

 parallelopipedon of forces, 408 

 cemre of gravity, 409 

 the lever, 410 

 the pulley, 410 

 of uniform motion, 411 

 motion uniformly varied, 411 

 the legs move by the force of gravity as a pen- 

 dulum, 411 

 mechanical effects of fluids on animals immersed 



in them, 41 ii 

 resistance of fluids, 413 

 passive organs of locomotion, 413 

 bones, 413 

 joints, 415 

 ligaments, 415 

 muscles, 416 



force of muscles at various stages of their 



contraction. 418 

 Section II. Flying, 419 

 flight of insecis, 419 

 Coleoptera, 4ul 

 Dermaptera, 421 

 Lepidoptera, 421 

 nocturnal Lepidoptera, 422 

 Neuroptera, 423 

 Hymenoptera, 423 

 Diptera, 423 



table showing the arcs of the wings and the 

 weight of the body in various species of 

 insects, 424 

 flight of birds, 424 



use of the tail in flight, 420 

 rtii lit of fish and other animals, 4.':i 

 Dactylopterus and Exocaetus, 4ii9 



