196 



ABNORMAL ANATOMY OF THE LIV 7 ER. 



tire surface of calculi of cholesterine ; and 

 secondly, laminated calculi composed of con- 

 centric layers of phosphate and carbonate of 

 lime variously coloured and having a central 

 nucleus. The latter form is, I believe, rare ; 

 I possess but one specimen ; it is of large size, 

 and rough and irregular upon the surface.* 



7. Entozou. The Entozoa met with in the 

 human liver are hydatids or acephalocysts ; 

 they are inclosed in a fibrous cyst and are con- 

 tained in a single parent hydatid vesicle. The 

 internal surface of the vesicle is soft and often 

 pulpy, and covered by minute hydatids which 

 are adherent to its sides. Besides these the 

 parent vesicle is usually filled with a great 

 number of smaller vesicles of variable size. 

 The hydatid cyst generally occupies the right 

 lobe of the liver and increases to a prodigious 

 size, producing absorption of the structure of 

 the organ, and forming adhesions with the 

 neighbouring viscera. The existence of ace- 

 phalocysts may sometimes be detected during 

 life by the presence of a large tumour in the 

 region of the liver, which forms a projection of 

 the abdominal parietes, is soft and yielding to 

 examination by the hand, and unaccompanied 

 with symptoms denoting cancerous disease. 

 Occasionally the cyst is hardened by deposits 

 of cartilaginous or bony plates. Contacting 

 adhesions with surrounding parts, the hydatid 

 cyst has discharged its contents externally 

 through the abdominal parietes ; more fre- 

 quently, however, it opens into the alimentary 

 canal, as into the stomach or colon. Occa- 

 sionally it bursts into the cavity of the abdo- 

 men, and in one case opened into the lungs, 

 and many of the smaller hydatid sacs were 

 ejected by coughing. 



Some small cysts have sometimes been ob- 

 served in the liver containing a calcareous 

 deposit, mingled with membranous substance 

 resembling fragments of hydatid sacs. These 

 cysts are supposed to result from the spon- 

 taneous cure of acephalocysts. 



Small intestinal worms have now and then 

 been found in the biliary ducts; these are 

 imagined to have gained admission into those 

 tubes from the duodenum through the ductus 

 communis choledechus. 



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 lime. Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag. 1840. ED.] 



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