ORGANIC ANALYSIS. 



809 



22.3 grs. out of 30.6, shewing the quantity of 

 sugar to have amounted to only 8.3 grs., instead 

 of about 24.5 grs. The foregoing experiment 

 shews the impossibility of obtaining an accurate 

 result if the solution be evaporated in air even at 

 temperatures considerably below 200. Diabetic 

 sugar, in fact, loses by this treatment 5 equiva- 

 lents of water, and becomes con verted into a spe- 

 cies of caramel, insusceptible of fermentation. 



To proceed, however, witli the analysis : 



The salts were found by incineration to 

 amount to 3.09 per 1000 parts of urine. 



To determine the quantity of sugar, 250 grs. 

 of the secretion were mixed with yeast and 

 placed in a tall graduated jar capable of con- 

 taining 25 cubic inches; filled with mercury, 

 and inverted in a basin holding that metal, 



The barometer stood at 30.33 



The thermometer 72 F. 



Air in the jar, which accidentally entered 

 during the act of inversion 1.00 cub. in. 



Quantity of fluid 1.45 cub. in. 



Exterior level of the mercury 12.33 inches 

 below the interior level. 



In three days fermentation was complete. 



The barometer then stood at. ... 30.34 



The thermometer 80 



Exterior level of the mercury 1.14 below 

 that of the interior. 



The quantity of gas amounted to 19.3 cub.in. 



adding the bulk of the fluid ... 1.45 



We obtain total gas 20.75 



Correcting for pressure we obtain 

 30 : 30.341.14 : : 20.75 : x (= 20.1828) 

 Correcting this again for the temperature, 

 528 : 508 : : 20.1828 : x (= 19.41) 

 Subjecting the air which was in the jar at 

 the commencement of the experiment to the 

 same corrections, in order to deduct, we ob- 

 tain 



For the temperature 

 520 : 508 : : 1 : .r (= 0.9769) 

 For the pressure 



30 : 30.3312.33 : : 0.9769 : .r (= 0.586) 

 19.41 0.58 = 18 83 corrected volume 

 of carbonic acid. 



Now 100 : 18.83 : : 106.6 : x (= 20.072) 

 total number of grs. of sugar in 

 250 grs. of urine, and 

 250 : 1000 : : 20.072 : x (= 80.29) sugar. 

 The urea was found by a separate analysis ; 

 500 grs. were evaporated in vacuo, the residue 

 treated with hot absolute alcohol (f.Jll). It 

 was allowed to cool in order to deposit part of 

 the sugar, then decanted ; this was repeated 

 three or four times. The alcoholic solutions 

 were evaporated to dryness, re-dissolved in 

 water, and treated with oxalic acid and sub- 

 sequently with chalk, observing the precautions 

 already enumerated: 1.06 grs. of prismatic 

 needles of nearly pure urea were obtained. 

 500 : 1000 : : 1.06 : x (= 2.12) urea. 

 As a comparative experiment 500 grs. were 

 evaporated by the water-bath and nitric acid 

 substituted for the oxalic ; only traces of crystals 

 of nitrate of urea were thus obtained ; a con- 



elusive proof of the superior delicacy of the 

 first method. 



The syrupy residue after exhaustion with ab- 

 solute alcohol was treated with rectified spirit 

 as long as any thing dissolved : 2.15 grs. of 

 saline matters, uric acid, mucus, and matters 

 soluble in water only were left. Hydrochloric 

 acid left only 0.04 of uric acid and mucus. 



500 : 1000 : : 0.04 : x (= 0.08) uric acid, 

 Sfc. 



The acid solution evaporated to dryness and 

 incinerated, gave 0.69 grs. 



500 : 1000 : : 0'69 : .r (= 1.38) salts inso- 

 luble in alcohol. 



2.15 (0.04 + 0.69) =1.42. 



500 : 1000 : : 1.42 : x (= 2.84) watery ex- 

 tract. 



By calculation, as in the previous analysis, 

 the alcoholic extract is 15.98 grs. 



The composition of the urine is thus deter- 

 mined to be 



Water 895.60 



Fixed salts 3.09 



r * a "' C ) ^UTJ ^ 



matters r jV, \V 



& vola / 101 - 31 \ Alcoholic extr. 15.98 



tile salts 3 f Watery extract 2.84 



' Uric acid & muc. 0.08 



1000.00 



Where albumen occurs in the urine, we por- 

 ceed as in the following instance. 



The fluid was rather turbid, feebly alkaline, 

 and of sp. gr. 1013.1. It was found to. 

 contain 30.2 per 1000 of solid matter, of 

 which 9.17 were salts and 21.03 organic vo- 

 latile matters. 



500 grs. evaporated to dryness, and the 

 residue finely powdered, taking care that none 

 of the particles were lost (by placing the 

 mortar on a large sheet of paper, and co- 

 vering the mouth of it likewise with paper). 

 It was treated with boiling water and washed 

 as long as any thing dissolved. The insoluble 

 portion collected on a filter, dried and weighed, 

 amounted to 3.1 grs. 



500 : 1000 : : 3.1 : x (= 6.2) albumen, with 

 traces of uric acid. 



The filtered liquid was evaporated to dry- 

 ness, and treated with alcohol and nitric acid 

 for urea in the usual manner: the urea per 

 1000 = 4.72 grs. 



The other ingredients were determined as 

 usual and furnished the following results. 



Water 969.80 



Saline matters 9. 17 



Albumen and ) 



o.^u 



f Alcoholic extract 

 v Watery extract . . 



4.72 



8.43 

 1.68 



1000.00 



2. Analysis of the blood. 

 Unless present when the blood is drawn, we 

 are obliged to proceed as in the following 



