NUTRITION. 



741 



eases of other parts. One form in which they 

 appear is, that of common cancer of the mu- 

 cous membrane analogous to the hard or warty 

 cancer of the skin, and pursuing the same 

 course of apparently unresisted ulceration as 

 that disease does. It occurs in old persons, 

 and usually makes its progress very slowly, 

 destroying all the adjacent parts till the patient 

 is exhausted, or till it affects by its contiguity 

 the brain, as in a case mentioned by Mr. Haw- 

 kins. The other chief form in which the nose 

 is affected by malignant disease is that of the 

 soft or medullary cancer; but it is not certain 

 whether this has yet been seen as a primary 

 disease of the mucous membrane, or whether 

 it be not always seated at first in some deeper 

 tissue, from which as it makes its way it ac- 

 quires a covering from the mucous membrane, 

 and appears to be truly a disease of the nose. 

 Whichever it be, there is nothing peculiar in its 

 characters or course to need a special descrip- 

 tion of it here. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Of the nose in general 



Galen, De instrumento odoratus. Tinctorius, Diss. 



de fabrica et usu nasi humani, Regiom. 1640. 



C. V. Schneider, De osse cribiit'onni et sensu ac 



organo odoratus, et morbis. Witteb. 1655. C. V. 



Schneider, De catarrhis libri quatuor. Viteberg, 



1660-64. J. A. Sebiz, Diss. de instrumento oltactus. 



Argentor. 1662. Casp. Bartlwlin, De olfactus 



organo, disq. anat. Havn. 1679. G. Frank, Diss. 



de naso, Heidelberg, 1679. J. M. Hoffmann, Diss. 



de faciei promontorio, odoratus organo. Altorf. 1682. 



G. J. Duverney, Obs. Anat. sur 1'organe de la vue 



et de 1'odorat. Blera. de 1'Acad. de Paris, t. i. 



C. F. Paullini, De naso mobili. Misc. Ac Nat. cur. 



1695-96. J. D. Suntorini, De naso, Venet. 1724. 



H. van de Poll, De partibus quae in homine olfactui 



inserviunt. Lugd. Bat. 1735. Fr. Boerner, Comm. 



de. . . mirabili narium structura. Brunsv. 1747. 



J. A. J. Sorinivs, Diss. de organo, sensu, atque 



ohjetto olfactus, Pragae, 1749. S. T. Quelmals, Pr. 



de narium earumque septi incurvatione, Lips. 1750. 



F. J. du Toy, De tunica pituitaria, Pragie, 1753. 



L. Aurivillius, Diss. de naribus interim. Upsal. 



1760. J. G. Tenner, De organ! olfactus differentia, 



Lips. 1777. J. C. Loder, Anat. obs. tumoris 



brevis disq. de vero oltactus organo, Jena;, 1789. 



Ant. Searpa, Anat. Disq. de auditu et olfactu. 

 Ticini et Mediol. 1789-92, and, Annot. anat. lib. ii. 



De organo olfactus deque nervis nasalibus., Ticin. 



1785. P. H. T. Simon, Diss. de conchis narium 



infer. Erlaiig. 1802. S. T. Sueimnfriiiy, Icones 

 organorum hum. olfactus, Francof. ad Mien. 1810. 

 J. F. Schruter, I ie menschliche Nase. Leipz. 1812. 



Lawrence and Watt, Anatomico-chirurgical views 

 of the nose, mouth, &c. Lond. 1809. Riejstti-k, 

 Di-s. de structura org. olfactus mammalium non- 

 null. Tubing. 1823. Hippolyte Cloquet, Osphre- 

 siologie, ou Traite des Odeurs, &c. Paris, 1821. 

 F. Pic/tt, De gustus et oltactus nexu. Berol. 1829. 

 2. Of the olfactory nerve* and other parts of the 

 nose. J. H. Stevoyt, Diss. qua processus cerebri 

 mammillares ex nervorum olfactoriorum numero 

 exemptosdisq. subinittit. JenaB,17l5. D. W. Andreee, 

 De processibus mammillaribus, Lugd. Bat. 1715. 

 J. E. Neubauer, De proces-uum cerebri mainmil- 

 larium cum naribus contiexione. Nov. act. acad. 

 nat. cur. vi. 293. J. Weitbrecht, De vera signifi- 

 catione processuutn mammillarium : Comm. Petrop. 

 xiv. 1751. G. J. Duverney, Comp. desnertsollactii's 

 dans 1'homme et dans les animaux. Mem. de Paris, 

 t. i. A. Matthieu, Tent, phys.-anat. de nervis in 

 grnere, &c. Lugd. Bat. 1758. J. D. Metzyer, 

 Priini paris norvorum hisioria, Argent. 1766, ;md 

 in Sandifort's Thesaurus, t. iii., and Ludwi'jr, 

 Script. Neur., t. iv. J. Hunter, A description of 



the nerves which supply the or?an of smelling. 

 Works by Palmer, vol. iv., p. 187. J. G. Haa.se, 

 Pr. de nervis narium internis, in Ludwiy, Script. 

 Neurolog., t. iv., Lips. 1791. jP. Magendie, Le 

 nerf oll'actif est-il 1'organe de 1'odorat ? Journ. de 

 physiologic, 1825., iv. 169. 



Morbid anatomy of the nose. S. Peyerus, De mor- 

 bis narium, Basil, 1756. J. G. Haase, De morbis 

 narium expositis, Lips. 1794. J. F. L. Deschamps, 

 Traite des maladies des fosses nasales et de lenr 

 sinus, Paris, 1804. J. E. Vort, De ozaena, diss. 

 inaug. Lugd. Bat. 1725. F. A. Meyer, Comm. de 

 ozaena, in Frank. Del. Opusc. Med. Germ. v. x., 

 p. 249, Chr. le Cerf, De polypo narium, Jenae, 1715. 

 G. A. Langguth, and S. G. Eichler, De polypo 

 infantis, in Waller, Disp. ad Morb. v. vi., p. 301. 

 And. Levret, Observ. sur la cure radicaledeplusieurs 

 polypes, Paris, 1749. J. C. Hesse, De polypo 

 narium, Argent, 1777. - J. J. Waser, Diss. inaug. 

 recessum ossium nasi exhibens, Argent. 1767. 

 G. F. Gruner, De polypis in cavis narium obviis, 

 Lips. 1825. C. H. Dsondi, Ergo polypi narium 

 nequaquam extrahendi, Halae, 1830. Ceesar Haw- 

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 nose. London Medical Gazette, August 23, 1834, 

 and Clinical Lecture on Polypus of the Nose, July 

 24, 31, 1840. 



(James Pa^et.) 



NUTRITION. The function thus designated 

 may be regarded as including, in the most ex- 

 tended acceptation of the term, the whole series 

 of operations, by which the alimentary mate- 

 rials are converted into living organised tissue : 

 but as many of these changes are separately 

 treated of in other parts of this work, we shall 

 here confine ourselves to a more limited range ; 

 and shall consider the nutritive process as com- 

 mencing with the absorption of the materials, 

 which have been prepared by the digestive pro- 

 cess; and as including all the changes, which are 

 involved in the conversion of the fluids so intro- 

 duced within the system, into solid organised 

 tissue, forming an integral part of the fabric. 



The object of the process of nutrition is the 

 continual production of new tissue, either for 

 the augmentation of t'.ie original structure, or 

 for the reparation of that part of it, which is 

 continually undergoing decay or disintegration. 

 And by this continual renewal of the tissues, 

 we gain, as will hereafter appear, a constant re- 

 invigoration of those vital powers or forces, the 

 exercise of which has been one of the chief 

 causes of the previous waste. It is a principle 

 now generally acknowledged by physiologists, 

 that the processes of disintegration and decay, 

 in any organ or tissue, are move rapid, in pro- 

 portion to the functional activity which it has 

 been called on to manifest;* and we find that 

 the tendency to decomposition in the different 

 tissues after death, which doubtless bears a 

 general relation to their respective needs of re- 

 newal during life, is the greatest in those, whose 

 vital powers are most remarkable the ner- 

 vous and muscular tissues for instance ; whilst 

 it is the least in those, whose properties are 

 most purely physical such as bone, cartilage, 

 yellow elastic tissue, &c. Hence it is in the 

 former that the greatest activity of nutri- 



* This doctrine, strongly put forth in regard to 

 the muscular system by Lit-big, and restricted to it 

 by him, had been taught long before the publication 

 of his treatise. 



