874 



PACHYDERMATA. 



the urine from entering the womb, because the 

 urethra opens into the vagina so near the os tincae 

 that the urine flows more readily towards the 

 womb than towards the vulva, the angular bend 

 in the vagina forming an obstacle to its passage 

 in the latter direction. 



The body of the uterus was oval, and mea- 

 sured a foot and a half in length by ten inches 

 in breadth. The cornua uteri were each two 

 feet eight inches in length, and four inches and 

 a half in circumference : their openings into 

 the womb were surrounded by a prolongation 

 of their lining membrane, hanging into the 

 uterus like a fringe or valve, so that any thing 

 which had passed from the cornua into the 

 uterus could not return again from the uterus 

 into the cornua, which latter were united to 

 each other for about a foot from the body of 

 the uterus. The Fallopian tubes were only 

 two inches in length, and the ovaria of very 

 small size. 



In the Soiv the vulva occupies its usual 

 situation between the pubic symphysis and the 

 anus. The glans clitoridis is bent upon itself 

 and terminates in a point resembling the penis 

 of the Boar in miniature. The walls of the 

 vagina are much plicated for an extent of two 

 or three inches from the orifice of the womb, 

 and in this part its canal is considerably wider 

 than near the entrance of the vulva. The 

 os tintce is only indicated by a slightly elevated 

 margin. The cornua uteri are of great length, 

 being convoluted much after the manner of the 

 small intestines. The fimbriated extremities of 

 the Fallopian tubes are only connected at one 

 point with the ovaria, the rest being loose and 

 floating. The ov ries in the common Sow are 

 of very irregular contour, the Graalian vesicles 

 (as big as peas) standing prominently out from 

 their surface. 



In the Elephant the mammae are pectoral 

 and only two in number, one situated on each 

 side of the breast. 



The Rhinoceros, the Tapir, and the Hippo- 

 potamus have likewise only two mammse, but 

 they are placed beneath the belly. 



In the Hog there are generally ten nipples 

 both in the male and female; these are situated 

 beneath the belly, five on each side, but some- 

 times there are five on one side and six on the 

 other, and occasionally six on both sides. 



Of the Nervous System. Brain. The brain 

 in the Pachydermata is largely developed, and 

 the convolutions upon its surface comparatively 

 small, though very numerous and separated from 

 each other by deep sulci. In the Elephant the 

 absolute size of the organ exceeds that of man, 

 but is very small in proportion to the bulk of 

 the animal, especially when we take into the ac- 

 count the great size and intellectual aspect of the 

 head. In an Elephant dissected by the Parisian 

 Academicians, which was seven feet and a half 

 high from the ground to the top of the back, and 

 eight feet and a half in length from the forehead 

 to the tail, the brain and cerebellum together 

 weighed nine pounds. The convolutions upon 

 the surface of the cerebrum were well marked, 

 and the proportionate size of the cerebellum is 

 described to have been enormous; the brains of 



the Rhinoceros and Tapir are equally large in 

 proportion, but the relative size of the cerebrum, 

 especially of its anterior and superior regions, 

 when compared with the rest of the brain, is 

 much less. The hippocampus and corpus stria- 

 turn are well developed, and the lateral ventri- 

 cles are continued forwards into the dilated 

 olfactory bulbs. The cerebellum is very large 

 and expanded transversely, its surface being still 

 further increased by numerous and complex 

 anfractuosities. The pons Varolii corresponds 

 in size with the developement of the lateral 

 lobes of the cerebellum, and the corpora oli- 

 varia are remarkably prominent. In other re- 

 spects the brain of the animals included in this 

 order presents no peculiarities worthy of special 

 notice. The nerves take their rise in the usu il 

 manner, and have the same distribution as in 

 other Mammalia. In those races, however, 

 which have the nose largely developed, the 

 fifth pair is remarkable for its great size, and in 

 the Proboscidian species these nerves are of 

 enormous dimensions. 



The dura mater is very thick, proportioned 

 rather to the size of the skull and of the entire 

 animal than to that of the brain itself; and 

 its two fibrous layers are found in the larger 

 species to be separated by a quantity of cellular 

 substance in which the vessels ramify. 



The spinal chord presents no peculiarity 

 worthy of being distinctly alluded to. 



Of the Special Senses. Touch. In animals 

 whose limbs seem to be converted into mere 

 pillars of support, and whose hoof-cased feet are 

 totally destitute of all power of prehension, it 

 would hardly have been expected that any nicety 

 of appreciating tactile impressions should exist 

 in the situations usually appropriated to this 

 sense, more especially when we take into the 

 account the thickness and density of the integu- 

 ment with which they are clothed. 



The nasal apparatus, however, in all the 

 Pachydermata, is richly endowed with nerves 

 of sensation, and obviously forms a very per- 

 fect organ of touch. It is moreover in some 

 measure converted into an instrument of pre- 

 hension, or is employed for digging the soil in 

 search of food, as well as for the usual offices 

 assigned to it; in fact it is in this group of 

 quadrupeds alone that the nasal cartilages and 

 the muscles of the nose assume their full deve- 

 lopement, and accordingly will merit special 

 notice in this place. 



In the Hog the cnrtilages of the nose form a 

 complete tube, which is a continuation of the 

 bony nostrils, and near the end of the snout, 

 in the vicinity of the septum narium, the 

 extremity of the cartilages becomes ossified, 

 and in the dried skull seems to form an addi- 

 tional bone (fig. 481J. Four strong pairs of 

 muscles, derived from the bones of the face, 

 confer upon the organ considerable power of 

 motion, and render it very efficient in tearing 

 up the earth. Of these muscles the first pair 

 arises in front of the orbit from the lacrymal 

 bone, and terminates in a strong tendon which 

 spreads out upon the upper aspect of the nasal 

 cartilages. Two other pairs situated beneath 

 the preceding are derived from the superior 



