1280 



URINE. 



hippurales, and that it is not produced until 

 the urine is evaporated to dryness. 



The following are two analyses, by Von 

 Bibra, of the urine of oxen obtained at different 

 times. The animals had been fed on clover and 

 hay : 



Water - - - 912-01 923-11 

 Urea - 19'7G 10'2L 



Hippuric acid - - 5'55 12'00 

 Mucus - - - 0-07 0-06 

 Alcoholic extract - 14-21 10'20 

 Watery extract - - 22'48 18-4-3 

 Soluble salts - - 24-42 25-77 

 Insoluble salts - I'oO 2-22 



It will be perceived that the insoluble salts 

 or earthy carbonates are in small proportion 

 in the urine of oxen, while in the urine of 

 horses they are present in about equal pro- 

 portion to the alkaline carbonates. The urine 

 of a cow, which was submitted to analysis by 

 Boussingault, gave a result varying consider- 

 ably from that obtained by Von Bibra from 

 the urine of oxen, as above quoted. It 

 yielded in 1000 parts: 



Water 921 '32 



Urea - - 18-48 



Hippurate of potassa - - 16-51 

 Lactate of potassa - - 17-16 



Bicarbonate of potassa - - 16-12 

 Carbonate of magnesia - - 4'74 

 Carbonate of lime - - - 0'55 

 Sulphate of potassa - - 360 

 Chloride of sodium - - 1'52 



Silica, a trace. 

 Phosphoric acid, none. 

 The great excess of the earthy salts ob- 

 served in the urine of horses, as compared 

 with that of oxen, is a remarkable circum- 

 stance, and would appear to be in some way 

 connected with the difference in conformation 

 of the two animals rather than on differences 

 in diet. Thus the conditions alluded to per- 

 tained whether the horses were fed on hay 

 and oats, or on trefoil and vetches. The oxen 

 too, the urine of which was examined by Von 

 Bibra, were fed on hay and clover, a diet 

 closely resembling that of the horses ; but the 

 earthy salts were, notwithstanding, found in 

 the urine in very small proportion. 



Vogel has examined the urine of the ele- 

 phant and the rhinoceros. That of the etyhant 

 possessed the following characters : 



1. It was turbid, owing to carbonates of 

 lime and magnesia. 



2. It contained more urea than the urine 

 of the rhinoceros. 



3. No hippuric acid was present.* 



The urine of the rhinoceros is described 



as follows: 



1 It was turbid, owing to the presence of 

 carbonate of lime, earthy phosphates, silica 

 and peroxide of iron. 



2. It gave out the odour of formic acid. 



3. It yielded hippuric acid in considerable 

 quantity. 



* Brandes believed he detected the hippuric acid 

 in this iiriue in combination with urea ami an 

 alkali. 



Chevreul examined the urine of the camel. 



1. It contained no uric acid. 



2. Urea was present in abundance. 



3. No phosphates could be detected. 



4. The chief constituents, in addition to 

 urea, were chloride of sodium, hippurate of 

 soda, carbonate of soda, sulphate of potassa, 

 carbonate of ammonia, and traces of sulphate 

 cf soda and oxide of iron. 



Chevreul considers this urine to contain 

 a volatile oil to which it owes its colour, and 

 to which he ascribes the property it possesses 

 of becoming red on the addition of the mi- 

 neral acids. 



The urine of pigs has been examined by 

 Lassaigne, Van Setten, and Boussingault. 

 Its specific gravity appears to vary between 

 1003 and 1013. 



Van Setten's analysis is as follows : 



Water 990'028 



Urea - ... Q'750 



Uric acid - - - - 0'195 



Watery extractive - - 1'708 



Alcoholic extractive - - T105 



Resinous matter - 0'425 



Albumen and mucus - - 0'72l 



Lactic acid - 0'490 



Stearin .... 0-092 



Sugar - - - 0-375 



Phosphate of soda - 1-370 

 Sulphate of potassa, chlorides 



of potassium and sodium - 2*075 



Sulphates of lime and magnesia 0'425 



Sulphate of ammonia - 0'196 



Chloride of ammonium - - O'OIO 



Von Bibra describes the urine of the pig 

 as clear, odourless, and of alkaline re-action. 

 He could not detect uric, hippuric, or benzoic 

 acid in it when operating on three ounces of 

 the fluid; but he subsequently obtained mi- 

 croscopic crystals of hippuric acid. No trace 

 of uric acid could be discovered. 



Boussingault could not detect hippuric acid 

 in the urine of a pig fed on potatoes and salt. 

 He varied the diet by the addition of green 

 trefoil, but still he could not discover the 

 acid. 



Von Bibra analysed the urine of the goat. 



He found it alkaline and of pungent odour, 



of specific gravity 1008 or 1009. The animals 



had been kept in a stable and fed on bad 



hay. From two analyses made on 1000 parts, 



the following results were obtained: 



Water - 980'07 983'99 



Urea - 3'78 0'76 



Hippuric acid - I '25 0'88 



Alcoholic extractive - 4'54 4*66 



Watery extractive - I'OO 0'56 



Mucus - - 0-OG 0-05 



Soluble salts - - 8'50 8'70 



Insoluble salts - - 0'80 0'40 



In this urine, as in that of oxen, the 

 alkaline carbonates greatly predominate over 

 the earthy salts. 



According to Vanquelin, the urine of the 

 beaver contains the colouring matter of the 

 bark of the willow, which is the food of the 



