VENOUS SYSTEM. 



1403 



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(S. James H. Sailer.) 



VENOUS SYSTEM (in descriptive hu- 

 man anatomy). Under this head it is in- 

 tended to give a connected and concise ac- 

 count of the descriptive anatomy of the several 

 elements of the venous system, referring the 

 reader to those articles which treat of the 

 regional anatomy of the body, in which will 



be found the application of the subject in its 

 practical bearings, in so far at least as the 

 large venous trunks are concerned. 



The veins connect the capillary vessels with 

 the heart, one of their functions being, to 

 bring back to the central organ of the cir- 

 culation the blood which has been distributed 

 over all parts of the body : they are naturally 

 divided into two classes. 



1. The veins which concur to form the two 

 venas caves, and which thus communicate with 

 the right auricle of the heart ; these constitute 

 the systemic venous system: and 



2. The veins which commence in the ca- 

 pillaries of the lungs, and finally discharge 

 their contents into the left auricle : these re- 

 present the pulmonary venous system. 



These two classes of veins differ from each 

 other in the nature of their contents, no less 

 than in their modes of termination, for whilst 

 the systemic veins contain dark-coloured, and 

 essentially venous blood, the office of the 

 pulmonary veins is to convey red or arterial 

 blood from the pulmonary capillaries, where 

 it has been re-oxygenated, to the left auricle 

 of the heart. Valves are not found in the 

 veins of the pulmonary system, whilst they 

 are very abundant in many of the systemic 

 veins. 



The cardiac veins constitute a small system 

 apart from that of the general venous system, 

 for not having any communication with the 

 venae cavae or with any of their branches, these 

 veins open by a separate orifice into the right 

 auricle of the heart. 



Neither can the portal veins be included in 

 any general description of the venous system. 

 These veins emanate from the stomach, in- 

 testines, spleen, and pancreas, and unite to 

 form one large vessel, the vena portcc, which 

 entering the liver, branches out in every di- 

 rection through that organ after the manner 

 of an artery, and thus constitutes the system 

 of the vena portce. 



From the capillaries of the portal vein in 

 the liver, another series of veins is derived, 

 which coalesce and form larger and larger 

 trunks, like the systemic veins generally, and 

 ultimately, to the" number of three or four, 

 issue from the liver at its thick margin, and 

 join the inferior vena cava. These last-men- 

 tioned veins are termed hepatic veins, or venae 

 cavre hepaticae, and the function to which they 

 are subservient in the economy, is that of re- 

 conveying into the general venous system, the 

 blood which has been diverted to the liver by 

 the ramifications of the portal vein. 



1. THE PULMONARY VEINS. 



These veins commence in the capillaries 

 of the pulmonary lobules, and by successive 

 junctions with adjacent branches enlarge in 

 size, whilst they diminish in number. They 

 traverse the lungs in company with the sub- 

 divisions of the bronchial tubes and of the pul- 

 monary arteries, the number of venous rami- 

 fications being identical with thatof the arterial, 

 and finally emerge from those organs, having 

 formed into trunks, each of which corresponds 



