TONGUE. 



Fig. 760. 



1145 



Comparative anatomy of the hyoid apparatus. (After Gcoffroy and Owen.) 



A, Fish (Cod). 13, Reptile (Frog : 1, tadpole ; 2, adult). C," D, Bird (C, Crane; D, Woodpecker). 



E, Mammal (Horse). 



became ossified, and, together with the cerato- 

 hyal, coalesce with the basi-hyal. As in their 

 previous condition they subserved to respira- 

 tion, so now they do the same as they 

 before supported the branchiae, so now they 

 support the trachea and larynx : they may be 

 always recognized by this relation, they 

 always embrace the commencement of the 

 air-passages in their fork, being especially 

 connected with the first segment of the carti- 

 laginous framework of those passages, namely, 

 the thyroid cartilage ; the universality of this 

 relation has induced Professor Owen to name 

 them, in air-breathing vertebrata, thyro-hyah 

 (fig. 760. C,D,E,A6, cb). 



In birds (Jlg.lGO.C and D), the elements of 

 the true hyoid arch are either rudimentary 

 or suppressed, while the hypo- and cerato- 

 branchialu (h b, c b) are enormously deve- 



loped. The basi-hyal (b h) is generally 

 elongated proportionately to the shape of the 

 tongue, and to its anterior extremity is usually 

 attached a glosso-hyal (g h), to its posterior a 

 stiliform uro-hyal (u h) which is prolonged be- 

 neath the trachea. In C, which represents the 

 hyoid apparatus of the crane ( Grus cinerca), 

 the glosso-hyal is seen to be wanting, and two 

 rudimentary cerato-hyals (c h), lesser cornita, 

 to be attached to the anterior extremity of 

 the basi-hyal. In D is represented the hyoid 

 apparatus of the woodpecker (Picus); the 

 parts are seen to be very long and slender, 

 furnishing the means for the lengthened pro- 

 trusion of the tongue in pursuit of food. All 

 the bones are seen to be linear ; there is a 

 long basi-hyal (b It), surmounted by an arrow- 

 shaped glosso-hyal (g h), while two slender 

 hypo-branchials (h b,) (greater cornita) are 



