942 TERATOLOGY. 



The joints connected with the maxillary points: 1. To the original malformation of 



apparatus of some of the animals belonging the germ ; 2. To the subsequent deformation 



to the three lower sub-kingdoms are, as was of the embryo by causes operating on its 



stated in the beginning, not homologous with development. 



this joinc, although identical in function. For I. Original ma/formation of the germ. If, 



description of these parts see the articles according to the opinions generally adopted at 



ANNELIDA, ARACHNIDA, CEPHALOPODA, CIR- the present time, the germ may be considered 



RHOPEDA, CRUSTACEA, ECHINODERMATA, as a product of secretion by the female organ - 



ENTOZOA INSECTA, MYRIAPODA, and ROTI- ism, upon which the male sperm acts with its 



material and vital influence, we may suppose 



FERA. 



(S. 7?. Pittard.) that this germ may be originally malformed, 

 owing to some influence proceeding either from 

 the female or from the male sex. 



1. Such a primitive malformation of the 



TERATOLOGY. Under this name, 

 which we owe to Geoffrey St. Hilaire, we un- 

 derstand the doctrine of congenital deformi- germ seems to exist in those cases in which 

 fief.* In a scientific sense, it constitutes a t he sa me kind of monstrosity is repeatedly 

 part of Pathological Anatomy, and demands procreated by the same parents. The cause 

 our interest as much as the knowledge of may be ascribed : 



those other deviations from the normal state, rt> To the mother. It is a very important 

 which is ordinarily regarded as constituting f ac t that, in such cases, various degrees 

 that science. In fact, pathological anatomy o f the same species of deformity are fre- 

 comprises all the anomalies of the organiza- quently produced in successive progression, 

 tion ; those which occur during intra-uterine so that the first born child is the most de- 

 life are called congenital, and those which formed; and in the following children the 

 arise during extra-uterine life acquired. We deformity progressively decreases, .and finally 

 refer to the former the imperfections of the disappears in the last born (G. Vrolik, Vering). 

 primitive formation, or what we call men- Sometimes a deformity of the mother is com- 

 strosities. They are those deviations of the municated to her offspring ; for instance, con- 

 organism which can be formed only in the genital luxation of the femur. 

 earliest periods of gestation, or, at least, pre- . TO the father. Experience proves that 

 viously to the termination of the foetal con- a well-formed man may procreate with dif- 

 dition. ferent women children with the same mal- 



The opinions now held with respect to formation (Meckel, Luber), and that a cle- 



these malformations differ widely from the formity of the father may be transmitted to 



absurd notions which influence the descrip- the cliild (Burdach, Osiander). The last is 



tions given of them by Aldrovandi, Ambrose however rare. 



Pare, Licetus, Palfin, and Rueff. Formerly, 3. A second proof in support of the pro- 



indeed, each monstrosity was considered as bability of an original mallbrmation of the 



the presage of some misfortune, the warrant g erm j s found in hereditary deformities ex- 



of divine vengeance, the effect of witchcraft, tending over more than one generation, viz. 



&c. Lycosthenes used to go so far as to hare-lip, excessive number of fingers, hi/po- 



add to the description of each monster the spadias, &c. 



picture of some calamity which was to be its 3. A third proof may be deduced from the 



sequel. To that opinion they owe their name, possibility that the ovarian ova in man and 



derived from the Latin verb monstrare. j n the lower animals may be already inal- 



Their aetiology was not less strange and in- formed (Bischoff ). 



correct. Rueff' in 1580, devoted a whole n. Deformation of the originally well-fanned 



chapter to the inquiry, " An homines ex dsc- germ. I. It is said that this may be produced 



monibus et rursus daemones ex hominibus in- D y niental impression of the pregnant woman, 



f-intes concipere possunt ? " and ^Casparus ol - what the German authors call das Vcrsehen. 



Schottus treated the subject in "about the But fo r this opinion no positive proof can be 



same style.f afforded. According to the observations pnb- 



Theyboth give negative answers to the ques- lj,,l let l thereupon, and of which a great deal may 



tion, trusting to have proved by this means De found in the learned article GENERATION 



that monsters are not procreated by sexual o f this Cyclopedia, all the supposed mental 



intercourse of women with the devil. Other impressions, which have been considered as 



wri'ers have endeavoured to explain the cause the cause of malformations, took place, with 



from copulation with brute animals, or with f ew exceptions, in the last stage of preg- 



pregnant or menstruating women. Notwith- nancy.* And even in those cases in which an 



standing our more enlightened modern ideas earlier period may be certified, we could object 



on this subject, the origin of monstrous births t hat the pout hoc must not always lead to the 



remains still very mysterious. The opinions conclusion crgopropter hoc. It is of some im- 



concerning it may be reduced to two mam portance to appreciate the correctness of this 



* From '*?, monster ; and *y, science. 



* See my publications in Tijdschrift v. Natuur- 



* From ??, monster ; am *ys, sciei x. _ * See my publications in Ti}dschrift v. JNatuur- 



f I. Ruetius de Conceptu et Generatione Hommis. ] y ] ic g esc hiedenis en Physiologic, d.iv. bl. 221, en 



Francof. ad M. 1580. P. Casparus Schottns e t()] ell ij am i bi d . zichtch. Outlurh. d. i. bl. 



Societate Jesu, Physica curiosa, aucta et correcta, 33^ 



kJlM. - J ' n t 



sive Mirabilia Natnrie et Artis. Lib. i. xxn. 



