334 HISTORY AND METHODS OF THE FISHERIES. 



which begins in the vicinity of Long Island the 1st of May. The fish gradually work north to the 

 coast of Maine in June, where they remain until October, when they go south as far as Long Island 

 again, the season closing about the 1st of November. 



'' The mate must also 'have a good eye for fish,' as he generally goes to the masthead with the 

 captain to look for them. His duties are to look after all the gear, superintend the salting, and 

 mending of the seine, and tend to discharging the fish at the factory, keeping an accurate account 

 of the number of barrels lauded. He gets from 1 to 3 cents per barrel on all the fish landed in 

 addition to his average share with the crew. 



"The cook is hired outright at $40 to $50 per mouth, and is paid wholly by the crew. Formerly 

 he had an average share, but of late this practice has been given up. He takes charge of the 

 steamer when the men are out in the boats, and frequently brings it alongside the seine after it 

 has been pursed up. 



" The engineer must have a license, and is expected to remain at his post all the time, except 

 when at meals and when running the donkey engine for hoisting the fish into the steamer. When 

 the business first started he received $100 per mouth, but the wages have kept falling, until the 

 present season (1879) some of them get only $50. The fireman generally receives from $25 to $30. 

 Both are paid and boarded by the owners. 



"The crew 'go at the halves' and board themselves. They live probably the most extrava- 

 gantly of any class of fishermen, and in some cases go into foolish expenditures for the table. 



"Mr. Maddocks cites instances of its costing them $10 per week for provisions alone, and he 

 estimates their average cost of living to be $6 or $7 per week, though, from what I learn from other 

 source.*, I should say $4 would be nearer the figure. They also pay their cook's wages, thus bring- 

 ing the expense of living perhaps a little above the figures stated. They are expected to get the 

 steamer ready in spring, do the fishing, mend and care for the seine, and put steamer, boats and 

 gear in order, to be left for the wiuter. They make on an average about $50 per mouth, leaving 

 a balance, after paying their expenses, of but little, if any, more than the ordinary fisherman." 



4. THE VESSELS. 



Schooners and sloops were the only vessels in this fishery until a few years ago, when steamers 

 were introduced, and as they have been found preferable -to sailing craft they are now very gener- 

 ally employed on the northern grounds, though a large fleet of sailing vessels continues in the busi- 

 ness. In the year 1880 the menhaden licet comprised eighty-two steamers and three hundred and 

 seventy-four sailing vessels, aggregating 12,905.71 tons, and equipped with six hundred and forty- 

 eight seine-boats. The value of the fleet, including seines and other outfit, was $1,357,304. The 

 average steamer is about 70 tons measurement, and costs $16,000. They are about 90 i'eet long, 

 17 feet beam, 7i feet depth of hold, and 7 feet draught aft. The largest steamers in the fleet 

 are more than 150 feet long; these carry from 27 to 30 meu, and cost $30,000 and upwards. The 

 cost of running the average steamer is about $1,000 per month for wages, fuel and provisions. 

 They are screw steamers, and are rigged with one mast forward, which is fitted with a crane used 

 in taking in the catch. The quarters for the men are in the forecastle, under and forward of the 

 pilot-house. A little forward of amidships is the main hatch opening into the hold, where the fish 

 are stowed iu bulk. The engine-house is astern the main hatch, with coal bunkers opening on the 

 deck on either side. Fitted to the bulwarks on either side, near the stern, are cranes for the 

 boaits, and towiug-chocks are set in the deck on either quarter aft. The steamers are built of hard 

 pine, with white-oak frames. The hold or tank for stowing the fish is water-tight, and is said to 

 make the vessels exceedingly safe. The menhaden steamer Jemima Boomer, while at sea iu rough 



