530 



RUMINANTIA. 



melidse, as in the Horse, rising from the ex- 

 ternal condyle and inferior fourth of the hu- 

 Fig. 353. 



Deep layer of muscles of the fore-limb of the Ox, 

 viewed from within. (From Gurlt.) 



1, supra-spinatus ; 2, 2, subscapularis ; 2*, teres 

 minor; 3, teres major; 4, latissimus dorsi; 5, ex- 

 tensor cub. longus ; 6, anconeus longus ; 7, an- 

 con. interims ; 8, coraco-brachialis ; 9, pectoralis 

 major; 10, biceps brachii ; 11, bracbialis interims; 

 12, extens. carpi radialis ; 13, pronator teres ; 

 14, flexor carpi radialis ; 15, flexor digit, sublimis ; 

 16, flex, carpi ulnaris internus. 



merus to be inserted into the base of the can- 

 non bone at the fore-part. Antagonistic to 

 this, is the Jlejcor carpi radialis (\,fig. 352.), 

 the tendon of which is connected to the base 

 of the cannon bone behind. The tendons of 

 the extensores digitorum longior (11) and bre- 

 vior (12, fig. 352.) separate in front of the 

 foot, the divisions of the former being inserted 

 into the base of the ultimate bones of the 

 toes, and those of the latter into the distal 

 extremities of the penultimate phalanges. A 

 muscle corresponding to the abductor pollicis 

 (10) is present, notwithstanding the absence 

 of the thumb, and becomes attached to the 

 inner aspect of the inferior end of the cannon 

 bone, ^hcjlexores carpi ulnaris externus (13) 

 and internus (16, Jig. 352.) are both inserted 

 into the pisiform bone. The tendons of the 

 flexor digitorum sublimis (\o,fig- 352.) and of 

 the flex, digit, profundus perforans remain dis- 

 tinct, the latter piercing the former as usual, 



to be implanted into the base of the distal 

 phalanges of either toe. 



Muscles of the haunch and hind-limb. The 

 glutens maximus (15, Jig. 349.), which is but 

 feebly manifested in all quadrupeds, owing to 

 the horizontal position of the body, has an in- 

 significant development in ruminants. It rises 

 from the crest of the ilium and sacral fascia, 

 receiving in its passage down a strong tendon 

 from the tensor fascice latce (16, fig. 349.) ; the 

 tendon proper to the glutseus becomes inserted 

 below the trochanter, while that of the tensor 

 is continued on in front of the tibia, perform- 

 ing in some measure the office of a flexor. The 

 biceps femoris or vastus longus of Bourgelat (17, 

 18,/g. 319.), is a muscle of striking proportions 

 in this order and in solipeds. It originates 

 by two distinct heads, one of which proceeds 

 from the tail and sacro-sciatic fascia, and the 

 other comes off from the tuberosity of the 

 ischium ; the fibres of both proceed down- 

 ward, and are inserted, the former chiefly into 

 the head of the tibia, and the latter into the 

 general aponeurotic covering of the leg. In 

 consequence of the posterior border of the 

 front division overlapping the ischiatic por- 

 tion, there results a well marked groove or 

 raphe, forming a characteristic feature exter- 

 nally on the skin as when the muscle is in ac- 

 tion ; this is better seen in the Horse. The ar- 

 rangements of the iliacus interims (17,^?g. 350.), 

 glutcsus medius (18), and minimus (19), and 

 pyriformis, are similar to those in Man, differ- 

 ing mainly in proportion, the last named being 

 particularly small; the same observation applies 

 more or less to the obturator externus and 

 internus, the gemelli, quadratics femoris, tasti 

 and adductores, the two groups of muscles 

 comprehended under the latter titles being 

 chiefly interesting on account of their great 

 size and strength. 



Having already extended our myological 

 descriptions beyond the prescribed limits, we 

 conclude this part of our subject by observing 

 that the muscles of the hind leg resemble 

 those of Solipeda so closely as scarcely to 

 demand a separate notice, while those acting 

 upon the digits have the same general dis- 

 position as in the fore limb. 



INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM. Under this 

 head we proceed to indicate very briefly certain 

 peculiarities of the hair, and more particularly 

 the elastic cushion of the sole of the foot, and 

 the remarkable protuberances situated on the 

 back of the Camel. 



While the growth and condition of the cuti- 

 cular layer of the skin in the different classes 

 of ruminants is of the highest importance 

 in an economic point of view, it is not the 

 less certain that the phases of development 

 through which the integumentary covering 

 passes its varied aspect and periodicity of 

 renewal, together with the causes which in- 

 duce such changes are matters of high in- 

 terest to the physiologist. 



In no group of mammiferous quadrupeds 

 have we a more striking example of the 

 adaptation of structure to the exigences of the 

 creature than obtains in the remarkable dorsal 



