526 



RUMINANTIA. 



the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical 

 vertebrae, and are inserted into the manubrium 

 sterni and first rib." In the Sheep the fleshy 

 bundles are very small ; they also arise from 

 the lowermost four cervical vertebras ; but in 

 the Camel they are connected to all the bones 

 of the neck, except the dentata, the posterior 

 scalenus being particularly short, and only 

 attached to the last. 



The longus colli and recti have a similar 

 disposition to those of Man. The former is 

 divided into a superficial and deep portion, 

 the latter division extending as far back as the 

 third vertebras of the thorax. In the Camel 

 this muscle exhibits an increase of develop- 

 ment proportionate with the elongated neck, 

 its posterior attachment commencing at the 

 body of the fourth dorsal segment. The 

 rectus capitis anticus, major and minor, are 

 comparatively insignificant in all ruminants 

 and solipeds. 



The muscular arrangements at the fore-part 

 of the neck present many points of interest ; 

 for example, the sterno-cleido-mastoideus 

 of anthropotomists is represented in the ma- 

 jority of mammifers by two distinct muscles. 

 The first of these, the sterno-mastoideus or 

 maxillaris, is a slender fleshy band which 

 divides near the middle and fore-part of the 

 neck into two portions, one being inserted a 

 little in front of the angle of the lower jaw, 

 and the other becoming attached to the 

 mastoid process. In the Sheep the anterior 

 tendon extends as far forward as the zygo- 

 matic arch, and immediately behind the jaw 

 the muscle is united to the deltoides, beneath 

 which it is also connected to the rectus 

 capitis anticus major by an intervening ten- 

 don. In the Camels this muscle is fleshy 

 throughout Us entire extent, and at the lower 

 part is joined to its fellow of the opposite 

 side ; superiorly, its tendons are fixed one 

 to the mastoid process, and another to the 

 maxilla over the region of the submaxillary 

 gland. The characters and position of this 

 muscle are precisely similar in the Giraffe. 

 The situation of the cleido-mastoideus has 

 been already indicated in the description of 

 the tripartite deltoides. 



Hyoid apparatus. Before noticing the 

 muscles connected with the os hyoides it is 

 necessary to direct attention to its osseous 

 framework. 



The hyoid bone is made up of a congeries 

 of ossicles more or less consolidated, having 

 relation to totally different parts of the ske- 

 leton, but here associated together for the 

 threefold purpose of supporting the tongue 

 and larynx, and affording a point d'appui for 

 the muscles destined to act upon these organs. 

 In the ruminant, as in Solipeda, nine distinct 

 elements may be recognised, arranged in four 

 pairs, the ninth piece being represented by the 

 body or basi-hyal bone. Fig. 35 1 . indicates the 

 relation of these parts in the sheep. Com- 

 mencing from above, the first pair the styloid 

 bones or stylo-hyals (1,1) are seen to have 

 an enormous longitudinal development, being 

 also somewhat hammer-shaped and com- 



pressed laterally, to favour muscular attach- 

 ment. Their peculiar figure is due to the 



Fie. 351. 



Hyoid bones of tJie Sheep. (From Lond. Coll. Surg. 

 Museum.) 



presence of two apophyses at the temporal 

 extremity (a a, b b) and it is by the superior 

 process that the bony chain is connected 

 with the cranium. In the Horse these bones 

 are proportionally longer, but they are shorter 

 in the Camelidae than in the typical ruminants. 

 In Man the styloid processes of the temporal 

 are homologous with the stylo-hyals. The 

 second pair or epi-hyals (2, 2) are intercalated 

 between the first and third series of ossicles, 

 and complete a right angle, formed by the 

 relatively horizontal and vertical position of 

 those bones ; they have an insignificant ap- 

 pearance in most of the genera, but attain in 

 the Camels a considerable size. More than 

 two nodules are sometimes present. The 

 epi-hvals are most conspicuous in the carni- 

 vorous mammifers, but in the human subject 

 are merely represented by two long liga- 

 mentous bands, which in a few instances have 

 been found ossified. The third pair or cerato- 

 hyals (3, 3) have a nearly vertical position 

 when the head is raised, and they constitute 

 with the epi-hyals, the lesser cornua which in 

 Man are feebly indicated, being recognised 

 onlv by two small pisiform nodules moveably 

 articulated to the body of the hyoid, and 

 forming, as in the present instance, a right 

 angle with the greater cornua. In the typical 

 ruminants these elements are larger than the 

 epi-hyals, but in the Dromedary, according to 

 Duvernoy, this character is reversed. The 

 body of the hyoid or basi-hyal (4-), of a tri- 

 angular form, is placed below the cerato- 

 hyals and anterior to the greater cornua, the 

 four ossicles of which they together consist, 

 being articulated to the extremities of its 

 lateral apophyses on either side. There is 

 generally a slight bulging at the anterior and 

 middle part, indicative of the tendency to 

 antero-posterior elongation, which feature 

 becomes very manifest in other vertebrata, 

 and more particularly in birds ; it is to this 

 point that an additional element the true 

 lingual bone or glosso-hyal is connected, in 



