374 



LABORATORY MANUAL FOR VERTEBRATE ANATOMY 



93-94: heart 188, 248, 265-66; hind 

 limb _84-8s; hyoid apparatus 126, 

 186; jaw 118-19, 124; muscles 136- 

 57; nervous system 333-59; pec- 

 toral girdle 92-93; pelvic Girdle 83- 

 84; respiratory system 186-89; ribs 

 75; sense organs 345-52; skull 116- 

 26; spinal nerves 334-42; sternum 

 93; sympathetic system 334-45, 

 337-39; teeth 124-25; urogenital 

 system 288-92; venous system 250- 

 5i. ?53-57, 265; vertebral col- 

 umn 73-76 



Caval fold 188 



Cavernous bodies. See Corpora 

 cavernosa 



Central nervous system: definition of 

 296; development of 296-97; 

 elasmobranchs 307-9; functional 

 parts of 297-98; mammal 341, 

 352-59; Necturus 319-21; pigeon 

 330-31, 332-33; turtle 324-25. 327 



Centrales 79, 88. See under Limbs 



Centrum: formation of 61; types of 76 



Cephalization 3 



Cere 25 



Cerebellar fossa 121,351 



Cerebellum: elasmobranchs 308; 

 mammal 353, 357; Necturus 320; 

 pigeon 331, 333; turtle 324 



Cerebral fossa 121, 351 



Cerebral hemisphere: elasmobranchs 

 307, 318; mammal 353, 355-56, 

 357-58; Neclurus 320; pigeon 331, 

 332, 333! turtle 324, 327 



Cerebral peduncle: elasmobranch 318; 

 mammal 354; Necturus 321 



Cerebrospinal fluid 341, 353 



Cervjcal plexus, mammal 334 



Cervicobrachial plexus: dogfish 

 301-2; skate 302 



Chevron bones: alligator 70; mam- 

 mal 76 



Choana: definition of 118; mammal 

 186 



Chondrocranium: bones derived from 

 103-5; development of 96-97; 

 dogfish 97-100; Necturus 109, in 



Chordae tendinae: mammal 266; 

 pigeon 247 



Chordata: characters of 5; classifica- 

 tion of 6-7; embryonic develop- 

 ment of 31-44 



Chordocentrous vertebra 65 



Chorioid coat, eye: development 300; 

 elasmobranch 305; mammal 349; 

 pigeon 329-30 



Chorioid plexus, brain: elasmobranchs 

 308; mammal 353, 356; Necturus 

 320; turtle 324 



Chprion 292-94 



Ciliary body: mammal 349; pigeon 



33 



Ciliary ganglion: cat 348; elasmo- 

 branch 311 

 Ciliary nerves: cat 348; elasmobranch 



r .3 

 Ciona 12-13 



Circulation through heart: elasmo- 

 branch 221-22; mammal 266-67; 

 Necturus 229; pigeon 247; turtle 

 239-40 



Circulatory system 200-272: develop- 

 ment 201-7; elasmobranchs 207- 

 22; mammal 248-72; Necturus 

 222-30; parts of 200-201; pigeon 

 241-48; summary 270-72; turtle 

 230-41 



Cladoselache 79 



Classification of chordates 6-8 



Clava 354, 358 



Clavicle 87, 88; bird 91; frog QO; 

 mammal 92 



Cleavage 3 2-34 



Cleithrum 87. 88 



Clitoris: mammal 289, 290; turtle 285 



Cloaca 161, 279-80: dogfish 165, 281; 

 mammals 279-80; Necturus 169, 

 284; pigeon 182, 287; skate 165, 

 282: turtle 175, 285-86 



Coccyx: frog 69; man 76 



Cochlea 352 



Cochlear duct 352 



Coeliac artery: cat 262; dogfish 219, 



220; pigeon 245; rabbit 260-61; 



skate 220; turtle 236 

 Coeliac ganglion 338 

 Coeliac plexus: mammal 338; pigeon 



328 

 Coelom 158-59, 195-98: definition of 



158; development of 37-38, 39-40, 



44; elasmobranchs 163-64, 166-67; 



mammal 187-90, 197; Necturus 



168-69, 170-71; pigeon 180-83, 



197; summary 195-99; turtle 172- 



73 



Coelomoduct 273 

 Collector nerve 301 

 Colliculus 353 

 Colon: definition of 161; mammal 



193-94; turtle 174 

 Columella: pigeon 330; turtle 324 

 Columnae carnae 247 

 Common cardinal vein: development 



of 203; dogfish 207, 209; mammal 



269; Neclurus 222, 22*5; pigeon 



247; skate 210; turtle 240 

 Common carotid artery: mammal 



257, 259-60; pigeon 244-45 

 Common iliac artery: rabbit 263; 



turtle 237-38 



Common iliac vein: cat 265 

 Comparisons, circulatory system: 



mammal 266-70; Necturus 229-30; 



pigeon 247-48; turtle 240-41 

 Concha 105, 300; mammal 121-22, 



350; pigeon 329; turtle 323 

 Condyle: of limbs 83, 84; of skull 



99, 109, 114, 117 

 Condyloid process, jaw 124 

 Conjunctiva: elasmobranch 304; 



mammal 345, 349; pigeon 329 

 Contour feather 25, 52-54 

 Conus arteriosus: elasmobranch 207, 



221; Necturus 222, 229; turtle 230, 



239 



Convergence 4 

 Coprodaeum 287 



Coracoid 86. See Pectoral girdle 

 Coracoid process 86, 92 

 Corium 45, 46 



Cornea: development of 300; elasmo- 

 branch 305; mammal 349; pigeon 



329 



Coronary artery, of heart: elasmo- 

 branch 215, 216-17; mammal 257; 



turtle 235 

 Coronary ligament 160, 166, 195-96; 



elasmobranch 166; mammal 192; 



Necturus 170; pigeon 181; turtle 



173 



Coronary sinus 253, 265 

 Coronary vein: cat 253; rabbit 251 

 Coronoid process: of jaw 124; of 



ulna 93 

 Corpora bigemina 308. See Optic 



lobes 

 Corpora cavernosa 295; turtle 285; 



mammal 291-92 

 Corpora lutea 289 

 Corpora quadrugemina 353, 360 

 Corpus callosum 353, 355-56 

 Corpus striatum: function, 333; 



mammal 358; pigeon 333; turtle 



327 



Corpuscles 200 

 Cortex, brain 357 

 Cotylosauria: classification of 7; jaw 



108; pectoral girdle 87, 88; skull 



106, 112 



Cowper's gland 291 

 Cranial nerves 296, 299. 360-61: 



elasmobranch 309-15; mammal 334, 



337. 338, 342-45, 346-47, 348; 



Necturus 320-21; pigeon 331-32; 



turtle 325-27 

 Cranium See Skull 

 Cribriform plate 121, 350 

 Cricoid cartilage: mammal 187; 



pigeon 178; turtle 176 

 Crista 306 

 Crop 161. 178 



Crossoplerygii: classification of 6; 

 fins 79, 89; ribs 67; skull 102 



Crura: of diaphragm 338; of peni? 

 292 



Cryplobranchus: classification of 7; 

 fore limb 90; hind limb 81; pectoral 

 girdle 89-90; pelvic girdle 80-81; 

 vertebral column 68-69 



Ctenoid scale 49, 50 



Cycloid scale 49, 50 



Cyctoslomata: anatomy 14-16; classi- 

 fication of 6 



Cystic duct 191-92 



Delamination 36 



Dental formula 125 



Dentine: scales 47; teeth 49 



Depressor, definition of 133, 141 



Dermal bone 58. See Membrane 

 bone 



Dermal exoskeleton, definition of 47 



Dermal papilla: for feather 52-53; 

 for hair 55; for placoid scale 47 



Dermatome 43, 45 



Dermis 45, 46: in formation of 

 feathers 52-54; in formation of fish 

 scales 47, 49, 50; in formation of 

 hair 55; in formation of reptile 

 plates 50 



Descending vena cava. See Precaval 



Descent of testes, 290, 291 



Development of chordates 31-44 



Diaphragm 159, 188, 189, 197 



Diastema 125 



Diencephalon 297, 359-60; elasmo- 

 branch 307-8, 317, 318; mammal 

 353, 354, 356, 357, 3S8; Necturus, 

 320, 321; pigeon 331, 333; turtle 

 324. 327 



Digestive system 15999: elasmo- 

 branch 164-66, 167-68; general 

 r 59-63; mammal 183-86, 189-94; 

 Necturus 169-70; parts of 161-63; 

 pigeon 176-77, 180, 181-82; sum- 

 mary 198-99: turtle 173-75 



Digitigrade walk 28 



Diphycercal tail 23 



Diplospondyly 61, 64 



Divergence 4 



Dog: skull 106 



Dogfish: arterial system 214-21; 

 brain 307-9, 317-18; chondro- 

 cranium 97-99; classification of 6; 

 coelom 163-64, 166-67; cranial 

 nerves 309-15; digestive system 

 164-66, 167-68; exoskeleton 48; 

 external anatomy 16-17; fins 17, 

 80,89; gills 1 68; heart 207, 221-22; 

 mesenteries 165-66; muscles 128- 

 30; myotomes 64, 129; nervous 

 system 301-18; pectoral fin 89; 

 pectoral girdle 88-89; pelvic fin 

 80; pelvic girdle 79-80; respiratory 

 system 167-68; ribs 66; spinal 

 nerves 301-2; urogenital system 

 280-83; venous system 207-10; 

 212-14; vertebral column 64-66; 

 visceral skeleton 99-100 



Dorsal aorta 202: elasmobranchs 

 218-21; mammal 260-64; Necturus 

 227-28; pigeon 244-46; turtle 

 237-38 



Dorsal column, spinal cord 297 



Dorsal ramus, spinal nerve 299 



Down feather 52-53 



Duct of Cuvier 203. See Common 

 cardinal vein 



Duodenum: elasmobranch 164; mam- 

 mal 192-93; Necturus 169; pigeon 

 181-82; turtle 174 



Dura mater: mammal 341, 352, 

 pigeon 330, turtle 324 



Ear 30, 300-301, 361: development of 

 300-301; elasmobranch 305-6; 

 functions of 306; lizard 23; mam- 

 mal 27, 350-52; Necturus 22, 319; 

 parts of 30, 300-301, 361; pigeon 

 25-26, 330; teleost 20; turtle 24, 

 323-24. 326 



