THE PIGEON. 197 



in the adult to the maxilla : the remainder of the maxilla 

 forms a very slender rod of bone. 



68. The jugal (///), a slender bone, continued backwards 

 from the hinder end of the maxilla, with which it is ankylosed 

 in the adult. 



69. The quadrato-jugal, a similar bone to the jugal, 

 to which it is fused in the adult, and from which it is 

 continued backwards, its posterior end being attached by 

 ligament to the outer edge of the quadrate just above its 

 condyle. 



70. The nasal (na), a long, forked bone, fitting against 

 the anterior edge of the frontal, and having a short external 

 process (na") which extends obliquely downwards and for- 

 wards to the maxilla, and a longer anterior process (na') 

 which passes forwards external and parallel to the nasal 

 process of the premaxilla. 



71. The anterior nasal fossae, large vacuities one on 

 ach side of the beak, bounded above by the internal pro- 

 cesses of the nasals and nasal processes of the premaxillae, 

 below by the maxillae, and behind by the external processes 

 of the nasals. 



72. In the fresh state, the mesethmoid ( 44) is continued forwards to 

 the end of the beak by a plate of cartilage, the septum nasi, which 

 forms a median vertical partition between the nasal cavities : it is 

 produced on each side into scroll-like masses of cartilage, the 

 turbinals. 



IX. In the lower jaw note : 



73. The complete fusion, in the adult, of its two halves 

 or rami in a short median symphysis. 



74. The posterior half of each ramus can be separated as 

 a distinct bone which fits by a jagged edge into the 

 corresponding anterior portion : in the young bird, this 

 proximal portion of the mandible consists of three separate 



