254 



THE HAEMOFLAGELLATES 



hand, Button and Todd have described a wide form from Senegambian 

 birds, which has this end bluntly rounded, giving the parasite a stumpy 

 appearance (Fig. 35). It is interesting to note that this Trypanosome 

 occurred in the same birds (Estrelda) in which the very different T.johnstoni 

 was found. T. paddae (Fig. 36), from the Java sparrow, has been studied 

 by Thiroux (83), and apparently lends itself to cultivation and inoculation 

 into other birds as readily as do many Mammalian forms. Finally, there 

 is the remarkable parasite, " T." (Spirochaeta) ziemanni, described by 

 Schaudinn. If this form is really a Trypanosome, it certainly belongs 

 to the Heteromastigine section, and may for the present be placed in the 

 genus Trypanosoma. But it may be, after all, a true Spirochaete, and 

 belong to the Bacteria (cf. footnote, p. 237). 



(c) Reptilian forms. Scarcely any Trypanosomes have been observed 

 in Reptiles. The only one which has been figured is T. damoniae, Lav. 

 and Mesn. Length 32 /A, breadth 4 //,. The general structure (Fig. 7, j) 

 presents nothing unusual. As in Piscine forms, the body is often rolled 

 up on itself. From Damonia reevesii, a tortoise. Another form (T. boueti), 

 lately described from a lizard, is said to resemble the flat, smooth type 

 of T. rotatorium (below). 



(d) Parasitic in Amphibian hosts. The Trypanosomes of frogs show 

 a remarkable variation in form, size, and appearance, and it is not at all 

 certain, in some cases, how far this is due to polymorphism, and how far 

 to distinct species being concerned. The type-species of the genus is T. 

 rotatorium (Mayer). (Synn. Amoeba rotatoria and Paramoecium costatum 

 or loricatum, Mayer, July 1843 ; Trypanosoma sanyuinis, Gruby, Nov. 



1843 ; Undulina ranarum, Lank., 

 1871.) Laveran and Mesnil have 

 worked on this form and dis- 

 tinguish two principal types, one 

 having the surface of the body 

 thrown into parallel ridges (Figs. 

 8, B ; 37, A), the other having a 

 smooth, regular surface (Figs. 8, A ; 

 37, B). The parasites are very 

 large, being 40-60 //, in length, by 

 from 5-40 p. in width ; the two 

 dimensions vary more or less in- 

 versely. The great variation in 

 shape of the body and of the 

 anterior end is seen from the 

 figures. The kinetonucleus is 

 aisually situated some distance from the non-flagellate or anterior extremity, 

 .and may be quite close to the trophonucleus ; sometimes, however, it is 

 fairly near the end. Chiefly for this reason, Franca and Athias (22) 

 split up the species into two, T. costatum or loricatum (Mayer), with the 

 kinetonucleus near the centre, and T. rotatorium, with it near the end. 

 As the position of this organella is very variable and intermediate stages 

 occur, we do not think anything is gained by doing this, at present. 

 -Similarly, the validity of two new species which Franca and Athias 



FIG. 37. 



T. rotatorium (Mayer). Bibbed and smooth 

 forms, x 1000 (approx.). (After L. and M.) 



