Contents xi 



PAGE 



Life. Effect of Temperature on Fishes. Transportation of Fishes. Re- 

 production of Lost Parts. Monstrosities among Fishes 131 



CHAPTER XI. 

 INSTINCTS, HABITS, AND ADAPTATIONS. 



The Habits of Fishes. Irritability of Animals. Nerve-cells and Fibers. 

 The Brain or Sensorium. Reflex Action. Instinct. Classification of 

 Instincts. Variability of Instincts. Adaptations to Environment. Flight 

 of Fishes. Quiescent Fishes. Migratory Fishes. Anadromous Fishes. 

 Pugnacity of Fishes. Fear and Anger in Fishes. Calling the Fishes. 

 Sounds of Fishes. Lurking Fishes. The Unsymmetrical Eyes of the 

 Flounder. Carrying Eggs in the Mouth 152 



CHAPTER XII. 



ADAPTATIONS OF FISHES. 



Spines of the Catfishes. Venomous Spines. The Lancet of the Surgeon-fish. 

 Spines of the Sting-ray. Protection through Poisonous Flesh of Fishes. 

 Electric Fishes. Photophores or Luminous Organs. Photophores in the 

 Iniomous Fishes. Photophores of Porichthys. Globefishes. Remoras. 

 Sucking-disks of Clingfishes. Lampreys and Hogfishes. The Sword- 

 fishes. The Paddle-fishes. The Sawfishes. Peculiarities of Jaws and 

 Teeth. The Angler-fishes. Relation of Number of Vertebrae to Temper- 

 ature, and the Struggle for Existence. Number of Vertebrae: Soft-rayed 

 Fishes; Spiny-rayed Fishes; Fresh -water Fishes; Pelagic Fishes. Varia- 

 tions in Fin-rays. Relation of Numbers to Conditions of Life. Degenera- 

 tion of Structures. Conditions of Evolution among Fishes 179 



CHAPTER XIII. 

 COLORS OF FISHES. 



Pigmentation. Protective Coloration. Protective Markings. Sexual Colora- 

 tion. Nuptial Coloration. Coral-reef Fishes. Recognition Marks. In- 

 tensity of Coloration. Fading of Pigments in Spirits. Variation in Pat- 

 tern. 226 



CHAPTER XIV. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES. 



Zoogeography. General Laws of Distribution. Species Absent through Bar- 

 riers. Species Absent through Failure to Maintain Foothold. Species 

 Changed through Natural Selection. Extinction of Species. Barriers 



