390 The History of Ichthyology 



ander Garden (1730-91), of Charleston, S. C., collected fishes 

 for Linnaeus, as did also Dr. Pehr Kalm in his travels in the 

 northern parts of the American colonies. 



With the revival of interest in general anatomy several 

 naturalists took up the structure of fishes. Among these Giin- 

 ther mentions Borelli, Malpighi, Swammerdam, and Duverney. 

 Other anatomists of later dates were Albrecht von Heller (1708- 

 77), Peter Camper (1722-89), Felix Vicq d'Azyr (1748-94), 

 and Alexander Monro (1783). 



The basis of classification was first fairly recognized by 

 John Ray (1628-1705) and Francis Willughby (1635-72), who, 

 with other and varied scientific labors, undertook, in the "His- 

 toria Piscium," published in Oxford in 1686, to bring order out 

 of the confusion left by their predecessors. This work, edited 

 by Ray after Willughby 's death, is ostensibly the work of Wil- 

 lughby with additions by Ray. In this work 420 species were 

 recorded, 180 of which were actually examined by the authors, 

 and the arrangement chosen by them pointed the way to a 

 final system of nomenclature. 



Direct efforts in this direction, with a fairly clear recognition 

 of genera as well as species, were made by Lorenz Theodor 

 Gronow, called Gronovius, a German naturalist of much acu- 

 men, and by Jacob Theodor Klein (1685-1757), whose work, 

 "Historia Naturalis Piscium," published about 1745, is of less 

 importance, not being much of an advance over the catalogue 

 of Rondelet. 



Far greater than any of these investigators, and earlier than 

 either Klein or Gronow, was he who has been justly called the 

 Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705-35). Artedi 

 was born in Sweden. He was a fellow student of Linnaeus at 

 Upsala, and he devoted his short life wholly to the study of 

 fishes. He went to Holland to examine the collection of East 

 and West Indian fishes of a rich Dutch merchant in Amster- 

 dam named Albert Seba, and there at the age of twenty-nine 

 he was, by accident, drowned in one of the Dutch canals. " His 

 manuscripts were fortunately rescued by an Englishman, 

 Cliffort," and they were edited and published by Linnaeus in a 

 series of five parts or volumes. 



Artedi divided the class of fishes into orders, and these orders 



