41 o The History of Ichthyology 



described the collections of the Thetis, on the shores of the 

 New South Wales. 



From Austria the voyage of the frigate Novara has yielded 

 large material which has been described by Dr. Rudolph Kner. 

 The cream of many voyages of many Danish merchant vessels 

 has been gathered in the " Spolia Atlantica " and other truly 

 classical papers of Christian Frederik Liitken, of the Univer- 

 sity of Copenhagen, one of the most accomplished naturalists 

 of recent times. 



F. H. von Kittlitz has written on the fishes seen by him 

 in the northern Pacific, and earlier and more important we may 

 mention the many ichthyological notes found in the records 

 of travel in Mexico and South America by Alexander von 

 Humboldt (1796-1859). 



The local faunal work in various nations has been very 

 extensive. In Great Britain we may note Parnell's " Natural 

 History of the Fishes of the Firth of Forth," published in Edin- 

 burgh in 1838, William Yarrell's "History of British Fishes" 

 (1859), the earlier histories of British fishes by Edward Dono- 

 van and by William Turton, and the works of J. Couch (1862) 

 and Dr. Francis Day (1888), possessing similar titles. The 

 work of Day, with its excellent plates, will long be the standard 

 account of the relatively scant fish fauna of the British islands. 

 H. G. Seeley has prepared (1886) also a useful synopsis of 

 "The Fresh-water Fishes of Europe." 



We may here notice without praise the pretentious work 

 of William Swainson (1838-39). W. Thompson has written 

 of the fishes of Ireland, and Rev. Richard T. Lowe and J. Y. 

 Johnson have done most excellent work on the fishes of 

 Madeira. F. McCoy, better known for work on fossil fishes, 

 may be mentioned here. 



The fish fauna of Scandinavia has been described more or 

 less fully by S. Kroyer (1840), Robert Nilsson (1855), Fries 

 and Ekstrom (1836), Robert Collett, Robert Lilljeborg, and 

 F. A. Smitt, besides special papers by other writers, notably 

 Reinhardt, L. Esmarck, Japetus Steenstrup, Liitken, and A. 

 W. Malm. Reinhardt, Kroyer, Liitken, and A. J. Malmgren 

 have written of the Arctic fishes of Greenland and Spitzbergen. 



In Russia, Nordmann has described the fishes of the Black 



