412 The History of Ichthyology 



who wrote on the "Fische den Bodensees." J. F. Brandt has 

 written of the sturgeons of Russia, and Johann Marcusen, to 

 whom we owe much of our knowledge, of the Mormyri of Africa. 



In Italy, Charles Lucien Bonaparte. Prince of Canino, has 

 published an elaborate "Fauna Italica" (1838) and in numer- 

 ous minor papers has taken a large part in the development of 

 ichthyology. Many of the accepted names of the large groups 

 (as Elasmobranchii, Heterosomata, etc.) were first suggested 

 by Bonaparte. The work of Rafinesque has been already 

 noticed. O. G. Costa published (about 1850) a "Fauna of 

 Naples." In recent times Camillo Ranzani, of Bologna, wrote 

 on the fishes of Brazil and of the Mediterranean. Giovanni 

 Canestrini, Decio Vinciguerra, Enrico Hilly er Giglioli, Luigi 

 Doderlein, and others have contributed largely to our knowledge 

 of Italian fishes, while Carlo F. Emery, F. de Filippi, Luigi 

 Facciola', and others have studied the larval growth of different 

 species. Camillo Ranzani, G. G. Bianconi, Domenico Nardo, 

 Cristoforo Bellotti, Alberto Perugia, and others have con- 

 tributed to different fields of ichthyology. 



Nicholas Apostolides and, still later, Horace A. Hoffman 

 and the present writer, have written of the fishes of Greece. 



In France, the fresh-water fishes are the subject of an impor- 

 tant work by Emile Blanchard (1866), and Emile Moreau has 

 given us a convenient account of the fish fauna of France. 

 Leon Vaillant has written on various groups of fishes, his 

 monograph of the American darters (Etheostominse) being a 

 masterpiece so far as the results of the study of relatively scanty 

 material would permit. The "Mission Scientifique au Mex- 

 ique," by Vaillant and F. Bocourt, is one of the most valuable 

 contributions to our knowledge of the fishes of that region. Dr. 

 H. E. Sauvage, of Boulogne-sur-Mer, has also written largely 

 on the fishes of Asia, Africa, and other regions. Among the 

 most important of these are the "Poissons de Madagascar," 

 and a monograph of the sticklebacks. Alexander Thominot 

 and Jacques Pellegrin have also written, in the Museum of the 

 Jardin des Plantes, on different groups of fishes. Earlier 

 writers were Constant Dumeril, Alphonse Guichenot, L. Bris- 

 sot de Barneville, H. Hollard, an able anatomist, and Bibron, 

 an associate of Auguste Dumeril. 



