442 APPENDIX 



VI. MUSCLES ON THE VENTRAL SIDE OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN 

 THE NECK REGION (Fig. 72). 



Clean the surface of these muscles, removing pharynx, larynx, 

 oesophagus, and trachea, if this has not been done. 



1. Longus capitis (p. 142, and Fig. 72, a). 



2. Longus colli (p. 144, and Fig. 72, g', g'"). 



3. Levator scapulae ventralis (p. 120, and Fig. 72, c', c"). 

 Observe its origin. 



4. Rectus capitis anterior minor (p. 143, and Fig. 72, d). To 

 see this, cut through on one side the longus capitis and one head of 

 the levator scapulae ventralis, and remove the proximal portions, as 

 in Fig. 72. 



5. Obliquus capitis superior (p. 136, and Fig. 72, e). 



6. Rectus capitis lateralis (p. 143, and Fig. 72, d). 



VII. MUSCLES OF THE BACK (p. 123). 



Remove what remains of the dorsal portion of the latissimus dorsi, 

 serratus posterior superior, and serratus posterior inferior. See that 

 the skin is removed completely to the dorsal middle line, or even for 

 a little distance over onto the other side. There is thus exposed 

 the lumbodorsal fascia (p. 126), covering the muscles of the back. 



Cut the superficial layer of the lumbodorsal fascia (that from 

 which the latissimus dorsi and obliquus externus abdominis have 

 origin) by an incision parallel to the dorsal median line, and remove 

 it. The muscles of the back are thus exposed (Fig. 69). Observe 

 in the lumbar region the longissimus dorsi (f, f, f"); in the 

 thoracic region the longissimus dorsi, the spinalis dorsi (g), and the 

 iliocostal (h); in the cervical region the splenius (Fig. 73, b). 



i. The longissimus dorsi (p. 126, and Fig. 69, f, /', _/""). 

 Notice in the lumbar region the strong deep layer of the lumbodorsal 

 fascia, by which this muscle is covered, and from the under side of 

 which many of the fibres of the muscle take origin. Cut this fascia 

 by an incision parallel to the dorsal median line and about two 

 centimeters from it, from the level of the crest of the ilium as far 

 craniad as the fascia can be cut without cutting into the muscle-fibres 

 (usually to about the level of the last rib). Reflect the medial 

 division of the fascia to the middle line. Reflect the lateral division 

 of the fascia until it passes into the muscle and cannot be farther 

 reflected. 



Observe then in the lumbar region the medial (Fig. 70, a) and 

 lateral (Fig. 70, b) divisions of the longissimus dorsi, and the portion 

 (') of the lateral division taking origin from the lumbodorsal fascia 

 (c). Dissect apart some of the muscle-fibres of the longissimus and 

 observe their origin and insertion. 



Trace the longissimus dorsi into the thoracic and cervical regions 



