BIRDS. 41 



kk. Nostrils concealed by bristly feathers; tarsus scutellate 



behind; hind claw long and nearly straight; inner 



secondaries lengthened. . . . ALAUDID^E, 25. 



kkk. No crest; nostrils exposed; tarsus strictly "oscine." 



L Hind claw much elongated, twice as long as middle claw, 



with its toe much longer than middle toe and claw ; 



bill very slender; longest secondary nearly equal to 



primaries in closed wing. . MOTACILLID^E, 26. 



II. Hind claw not specially elongated, not twice as long as 



middle claw ; inner secondaries not lengthened. 



m. Bill stout, compressed, notched, and abruptly hooked 



at tip; general color olivaceous, tail not blotched 



with white or yellow. . . VIREONIDJE, 81. 



mm. Bill various, notched or not, but little, if at all, 



hooked ; colors often brilliant. SYLVICOLIDJE, 27. 



II. Clamatores. Outside of tarsus covered with a series of plates 



variously arranged, lapping entirely around in front and 



behind to meet in a groove on the inner side ; primaries 10. 



n. First primary lengthened, often longest, always more, than f 



length of the longest; bill broad, depressed, tapering to a 



point which is abruptly hooked ; rictal bristles numerous ; 



nostrils overhung but not concealed ; tail not tipped with 



yellow. .... TYKANNUXE, 36. 



H, FAMILIES OF PICARLE. 



I. Feet zygodactyle (two toes in front, two behind) by reversion 



of outer toe ; ( hallux wanting in Picoides.) 



a. Tail scansorial, of 12 rigid, acuminate feathers, of which the 

 outer pair are short and concealed ; bill stout and straight ; 

 nasal tufts usually developed. . . . PICHXE, 42. 



CM. Tail not scansorial, of 8 to 10 long, soft feathers ; bill de- 

 curved ; no nasal tufts CDCULH>,E, 41. 



II. Feet syndactyle, by cohesion of outer and middle toes ; tibiae 



naked below ; bill stout and straight, longer than head. 



ALCEDnraxE, 40. 



III. Feet neither zygodactyle nor syndactyle; wings long and 

 pointed. 



