82 THE TREND OF THE RACE 



inmates of certain prisons, and he was led thereby to investigate 

 the family connections of these individuals, with the result of 

 discovering a large number of people who were related and who 

 could be traced back to a family of sisters, one of whom, Ada, 

 nicknamed ''Margaret, the mother of criminals," gave rise to a 

 progeny who now number over 800 descendants. Pauperism, 

 crime, and especially prostitution were remarkably prevalent 

 among the descendants of this woman. The four other sisters of 

 Ada, whose histories are known, have left progeny whose record is 

 of the same general character. Of the 709 Jukes studied by 

 Dugdale, 180 were paupers or had received poor relief to the 

 extent of 800 years, 60 were habitual thieves, 50 prostitutes, 7 

 murderers, and the total cost to the state was estimated at 

 351,308,000.00. 



This record was based on the history of the family up to 1875 

 when Dugdale's report (subsequently, 1887, issued in book form 

 entitled The Jukes) was first published. Owing to a chance 

 discovery of Dugdale's original manuscript with the true names 

 of the individuals indicated (the published names were all ficti- 

 tious) it became possible to trace out the later history of the 

 family. This has been done by Dr. A. E. Estabrook of the 

 Eugenics Record Office, and the results have been published hi a 

 monograph, The Jukes in 1915. The interval between Dug- 

 dale's time and 1915 has seen a rapid increase in the Jukes family 

 with little or no improvement in its general character. Estab rook's 

 investigations covered 2,094 persons of whom 1,258 were living in 

 1915. Of the whole family up to date considering only those of 

 Jukes blood, 170 were paupers, 129 had received outdoor relief, 

 118 were criminals, 378 were prostitutes, 86 kept brothels, and 

 181 were intemperate. The following extract, which is essentially 

 like dozens of others which might be chosen at random from Dr. 

 Estabrook's monograph, will illustrate the general nature of the 

 Jukes family history : 



Abe Isaac, by his second consort, Loretta, IV 3, whom he married, 

 had seven children: Avery, Alton, Anson, Augustus, Alma, Alonzo, 



