INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 327 



thereby checking her losses to other lands through emigration, 

 has constituted a great element of strength to the empire, that 

 might have resulted in an accelerated expansion of her dominion 

 and a further increase of her population had the outcome of the 

 war been more in accordance with her plans. Such effects of in- 

 dustrial development are the first results which follow upon the 

 natural response of life to an increased means of support. But 

 while increased production of wealth allows more individuals to 

 gain a subsistence and may lead to national expansion, it sets into 

 operation several influences which may deteriorate the quality of 

 the expanding people. At the same time other tendencies are 

 brought into play whose effect on the people is in the direction of 

 racial improvement. 



One complex set of factors may be grouped under the general 

 heading of occupational selection, or the differential death rate 

 among the employees of various industries. It is well known that 

 the average expectation of life varies greatly among those engaged 

 in different occupations. A considerable mass of data on this 

 subject has been compiled in the census reports of several coun- 

 tries and by life insurance companies. The racial effects of 

 occupational selection depend upon what relations exist between 

 innate qualities and the choice of means of livelihood. Were those 

 who follow different trades and professions recruited indifferently 

 from all types it would be of no racial significance how rates of 

 mortality are distributed. But people not only select occupa- 

 tions, but occupations select people. Different occupations 

 demand various degrees of intelligence, reliability and diligence, 

 to say nothing of different physical qualities, such as strength, 

 endurance and quickness. There is no likelihood that a born 

 dullard will become a captain of industry and a weakling by 

 nature is not apt to qualify as a stevedore or structural iron 

 worker. To a considerable extent the choice of an occupation is a 

 fortuitous matter, depending upon tradition, education and the 

 kinds of industry represented in a given time and place. Occupa- 

 tions are frequently changed, especially those requiring little 

 skill and training. But notwithstanding a large element of purely 



