94 THE TREND OF THE RACE 



tion for honest work. Pauper families were found to marry into 

 other pauper families, some families even producing paupers 

 through several generations. The committee reported that many 

 of "the paupers whom they had seen and examined individually, 

 are characterized by some obvious vice or defect such as drunken- 

 ness, theft, persistent laziness, a tubercular tendency, mental 

 deficiency, deliberate moral obliquity, or general weakness of 

 character, manifested by the want of initiative, energy or stam- 

 ina." In his discussion of the findings of this committee, 

 Whetham cites two families which are described as average 

 specimens of the results obtained: "Out of a family of twelve 

 children, of whom four were dead, two were in industrial schools 

 and one was in the workhouse. Both parents were paupers, all 

 four grandparents, and, in addition, three uncles, one aunt, one 

 aunt by marriage, three great-uncles and one of their wives, 

 two great-aunts were kept at the public expense. Another 

 branch of the same family gave the following results: An imbecile 

 child was found hi the wards of a workhouse infirmary; its pater- 

 nal grandfather's brother was a lunatic, the mother's father was 

 an insane epileptic, her mother was consumptive, her maternal 

 grandmother was probably consumptive and certainly a pauper, 

 while the mother herself was illigitimate and subject to fits." 



The history of the Jukes, the Tribe of Ishmael, the Hill Folk, 

 the Nams, and several other families show that much pauperism 

 is a sort of family tradition resting upon a fundamental basis of 

 inherited defect. The bad environment among which children of 

 such families are usually raised makes paupers, vagrants or 

 criminals of many who otherwise might have led useful lives. 



REFERENCES 



THE HEREDITARY FACTOR IN CRIME 



Aschaffenburg, G. Crime and its Repression. Boston, 1913. 



Bleuler, E. Der geborene Verbrecher. J. F. Lehmann, Munich, 1896. 



Boies, H. M. Prisoners and Paupers, N. Y., 1893. The Science of Penology, 



Putnam's Sons, N. Y. and London, 1901. 

 Dallemagne, J. Les Stigmates Anatomiques de la Criminalitfi, Masson, Paris, 



1896. Degen6r6s et Desequilibrfis, Bruxelles, 1897. 



