372 MARINE INVERTEBRATES 



variety is thinner, with a higher spire and smoother surface, and has a 

 color-scheme of decoration. It would be impossible to disconnect the 

 two, for a large series of specimens will demonstrate beyond doubt, 

 through every minute degree of variation, that the two forms belong to 

 one and the same species. The station of L. rudis is much the same as 

 that of L. litorea, but the smaller colored variety of rudis prefers quieter 

 and more sheltered spots. It is occasionally found on reeds and grasses, 

 on the piling of wharves, on large boulders above the line of algae, and 

 on algae. It has been the writer's experience not to find rudis and litorea 

 associated together. 



L. pallinta. A low-spired, globular shell with a large, tumid, smooth 

 body-whorl. The columella is flattened, curved below, and imperforate. 

 The color is exceedingly variable, but is usually bright, shining olive, 

 and this is especially the case with those individuals that find 

 their station in the dense masses of algae that form so conspic- 

 uous a feature of a low-tide scene on a rocky New England 

 coast. From pure olive-green to yellow or bright red, with 

 revolving black bands, seems a long chromatic leap, but it is 

 not too great for the Designer of these pretty little globular 

 shells. As a rule, the color of the shell simulates pretty 

 closely that of the seaweed upon which it lives, and inexperienced 

 eyes may easily overlook hundreds of specimens, all within close reach. 

 The banded varieties are less common. The head of the animal is 

 somewhat orange in color, the foot slate. The distinguishing features 

 of this species are the smooth, globular shell, the low spire, the broadly 

 flattened columella, and the orange-colored head of the animal. It is 

 found on Fucus between tides, and often associated with L. rudis, on 

 the whole coast north of New Jersey. The three preceding species 

 are distinctly boreal in their range, but their place is taken in south- 

 ern Atlantic waters of the United States by the following exceedingly 

 common species: 



L. irrorata. A solid, robust shell, which attains a length of about 

 one inch. It is in many respects suggestive of L. litorea, its Northern 

 relative, but the spire is higher, with straighter out- 

 lines, and the apex is acute. The surface is ornamented 

 with closely set, revolving ribs ; the sutures are indis- 

 tinct ; the lip is thin, though thickened just within; and 

 the color is whitish to pale cinereous greenish, sometimes 

 spotted with broken brownish lines. Within it is white, 

 with a reddish tinge on the columella, and brownish 

 spots on the edge of the lip. This species ranges from 

 Maryland to Texas; its station is between tides. 



L. angulifera. As the last species resembles L. litorea, 

 so this other common Southern form resembles a greatly UUorina irrorata - 

 developed and large L. rudis of the smoother variety. 

 It has a high-spired shell, with an acute black tip. It has about six whorls, 

 which are variously decorated by wavy, oblique black lines and revolv- 

 ing black lines broken into series of dots and larger spots near the suture. 

 The ground-color varies from yellow to purple. None of the colors are 

 very vivid. Within it is yellowish- white. This species has a much thinner 

 and more delicate shell than any of the littorinas thus far considered. It 

 is common on the piling of wharves and in sheltered nooks everywhere 



